week 9 applications

Question 1

What is the cognitive triad and how does it relate to depression? (Freeman 3-18)

Answer 1

thoughts about self, other/world and future
relates to depression because it is negative views about these areas creates feeling of hopelessness p.8

Question 2

what is the Downward spiral of depression? (Freeman 3-18)

Answer 2

1. depressive beliefs/schemas/assumptions lead to negative automatic thoughts
2. negatively biased recall and perception lead to negative automatic thoughts
3. negative automatic thoughts lead to depressed mood
4. depressed mood leads to negatively biased recall and perception

Question 3

What is the BDI and for what is it used? (Freeman 3-18)

Answer 3

beck depression inventory; 21-questions, multiple choice (ratings of feelings of sadness, interest in others, irritability, fatigue, appetite, interest in sex etc.
p.10

Question 4

what is the rule of thumb related to the proportion of behavioral to cognitive techniques used? (Freeman 3-18)

Answer 4

greater level of dysfunction, greater proportion of behavioral to cognitive interventions p.12

Question 5

what are the four types of depression/mania? Burns 56-60

Answer 5

major depressive disorder
dysthymic disorder
bipolar disorder
cyclothymic disorder

Question 6

Summarize the case presented (persons)

Answer 6

susan was struggling w/ severe depression, obese, martial difficulties, job dissatisfaction, difficulties w/ relationships w/ parents
had self-hate and subjugation core belief themes
tx began w/ depression
it was important to focus on case formulation for how to inform tx and interventions

Question 7

What is the best predictor of suicide based on the research of Beck? (Greenberger)

Answer 7

hopelessness

Question 8

How is hopelessness expressed? (Greenberger)

Answer 8

expressed in thoughts like:
“things will never get better for me”
“i have nothing to look forward to”
“i’ll never amount to anything”
“no one will ever want me”
“i’ll never be happy”

Question 9

What is cognitive constriction? (Greenberger)

Answer 9

tunneling or focusing or narrowing of range of consciousness when mind is not panicked into dichotomous thinking “would rather” “if… then”

Question 10

what are the 3 general aspects of psychotherapy for chronic pain (Eimer)

Answer 10

1. teach patient pain-coping and pain-reduction strategies
2. teach patient how to employ cognitive techniques for disputing beliefs that would sabotage responsibility for doing copying/self-management techniques
3. problem of cognitions and behaviors that trigger as well as maintain pain p.361

Question 11

what are the areas of analysis of presenting problem for chronic pain? (Eimer)

Answer 11

assessing discrete types of pain and circumstances associated w/ initial onset of each pain complaint (pain triggers, pattern, frequency, duration and severity for each type of pain)

Question 12

Examples of techniques used for chronic pain (Eimer)

Answer 12

daily self-monitoring records, biofeedback instrument, audio-recording, daily record of dysfunctional thoughts, hypnosis - candle technique, imagery, coping self-talk

Question 13

Depression vs. normal sadness (depression handout)

Answer 13

normal sadness:
- typically occurs after a stressor/event
- less than 5 hallmarks of depression
- fleeting symptoms
- doesn’t involved loss of self-esteem
- does not lead to impairment in functioning
- lower in magnitude
clinical depression: (laundry list)
- depressed mood
- loss of interest in pleasurable activities/loss of libido
- weight/diet fluctuations
- sleep disturbances
- crying
- fatigue
- feelings of worthlessness/ sense of failure
- inappropriate guilt
- pessimism

Question 14

Medical conceptualization of depression (depression handout)

Answer 14

1. hereditary
2. brain chemistry (low levels of serotonin/norepinephrine)
3. hormonal imbalance

Question 15

behavioral conceptualization of depression (depression handout)

Answer 15

1. low levels of reward, high levels of punishment
2. depressive behaviors are learned and maintained b/c of reinforcement

Question 16

psychoanalytic conceptualization of depression (depression handout)

Answer 16

freud: depression = reaction to loss, anger toward lost object/person/feeling turned inward, self-punishment

Question 17

humanistic conceptualization of depression (depression handout)

Answer 17

rogers: depression stems from recognition that we won’t achieve personal goals and we give up on responsibility (discrepancy between real and ideal selves)