Week 9 and 10

Question 1

Population

Answer 1

Group of interbreeding individuals of the same species

Question 2

Phenotype frequency

Answer 2

Proportion of individuals of a particular phenotype

Question 3

Genotype frequency

Answer 3

Proportion of individuals of a particular genotype

Question 4

Allele frequency

Answer 4

Proportion of all copies of a gene in a population that are of a given allele type

Question 5

Gene pool

Answer 5

Collection of alleles carried in the population

Question 6

Hardy-Weinberg Law

Answer 6

p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
- Uses allele frequencies
- Good at estimating changes in frequencies over a few generations
- Has assumptions

Question 7

Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg Law

Answer 7

Infinite-sized population
Random mating
No new mutations
No migration
No natural selection

Question 8

Fitness

Answer 8

Relative ability to survive and transmit its genes to the next generation

Question 9

Genetic drift

Answer 9

Chance fluctuations in allele frequency, greater effects when population is small

Question 10

Mutations

Answer 10

Heritable changes in base sequences that change the information included in the DNA

Question 11

Substitution mutation

Answer 11

Switching a base

Question 12

Deletion mutation

Answer 12

Removing a base

Question 13

Insertion mutation

Answer 13

Adding in a base

Question 14

Inversion mutation

Answer 14

Inverting the sequence

Question 15

Reciprocal translocation mutation

Answer 15

Occurs when double strand breaks end up allowing the end of the chromosome to gain

Question 16

Silent mutation

Answer 16

No change to amino acid sequence

Question 17

Missense mutation

Answer 17

Changes ONE amino acid

Question 18

Nonsense mutation

Answer 18

Causes early termination

Question 19

Frameshift mutation

Answer 19

Shifts reading frame

Question 20

Luria-Delbrück experiment

Answer 20

• Plating bacteria culture with some phage virus, any that survive must be resistant to the virus
• Resistance is a result of random mutations, exclusive of the selective pressure

Question 21

Replica plating

Answer 21

Resistant cells were present in the exact same spots on each plate

Question 22

Mutagens

Answer 22

An agent that increases the likelihood of mutations

Question 23

Nucleotide excision repair

Answer 23

Fixes damaged DNA lesions in bacteria and humans (excinucleases)

Question 24

Apoptosis

Answer 24

Controlled cell death

Question 25

Base Excision repair

Answer 25

Removes damaged DNA using glycosylase

Question 26

Methyl-directed mismatch repair

Answer 26

Can fix mutations after DNA replication

Question 27

Molecular cloning

Answer 27

Using DNA ligase to attach the desired piece of DNA into a plasmid, restriction enzymes are used to cut DNA pieces to open section The plasmid must contain an origin of replication, selectable marker

Question 28

Restriction enzymes

Answer 28

Also known as restriction endonucleases, bind to palindromic sequences (individual for each type of restriction enzyme) and cut either blunt or sticky ends

Question 29

Gel electrophoresis

Answer 29

(purifies fragments for insertion into a plasmid) - Separates molecules based on size using voltage (DNA is negatively charged) - Uses a DNA binding dye to view DNA under UV light - Contains a size marker (ladder) to interpret results

Question 30

How are plasmids placed into cells?

Answer 30

- Ice them for 30 min, warm water, back into ice - Add medium for recovery - Spread onto petri dish w antibiotic

Question 31

How to determine if the inserts do not take

Answer 31

The lacZ gene is intact, and can break down X-Gal to produce a blue pigment