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Unit 1: LGS > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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2
Q

Parts of PNS

A
  • Sensory

- Efferent

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3
Q

Parts of efferent

A
  • motor

- autonomic

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4
Q

Parts of autonomic

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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5
Q

What does voluntary nerve affect

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What does involuntary nerve affect

A

BV, cardiac, smooth, glands

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7
Q

Parts of nerve cell

A
  • Dendrites: receives signal
  • Cell body: processes information
  • Axon hillock: start of action potential and ultimate decider whether potential is propagated
  • Axon: where action potential travels down cell
  • Axon terminal: where action potential is changed from electrical to chemical signal to be passed on to post synaptic cell
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8
Q

nissl substance

A

ribosome or granule substance found in dendrites that makes proteins

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9
Q

tau

A

proteins that stabilize microtubules in axons

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10
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

by shape (where cell body is)

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11
Q

3 usual functional categories of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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12
Q

4 types of neurons (cell body location)

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar: in muscles
  • pseudounipolar: in afferent fibers (dorsal root ganglia)
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13
Q

Structure and function of a neuron

A

-In multipolar there are a lot of dendrites and axon terminals in order to propogate multiple action potentials

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14
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

  • causes edema and shear stripping (ripping parts of neuron which causes cell leakage into interstitum which can poison surrounding neurons)
  • swelling can cause obstruction of vasculature and cause cell death (inability to perform respiration)
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15
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

section of brain stained with immuno dyes

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16
Q

neuroglia

A
  • blanket term for cells that help neurons carry out functions
  • provide structural support, insulate, nourish, and remove waste products
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17
Q

neuroglia of CNS

A

microglia, oligodendrocytes, epidymal, astrocyte

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18
Q

neuroglia of PNS

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

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19
Q

myelin function

A

insulation and saltatory conduction

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20
Q

are there unmyelinated cells

A

No, all cells have myelin, demyelinated cells refers to cells that do not have tightly bound myelin in comparison to myelinated cells which have a lot of myelin

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21
Q

what does white matter contain?

22
Q

what does grey matter contain?

A

cell bodies

23
Q

What does MS cause?

A

affects myelination and disrupts saltatory conduction

-symptoms: over time will go from weakness and decrease in sensation to no movement and loss of touch

24
Q

cell that aides neurons during inflammation

25
conditions that cause neuroinflammation
-TBI, alzheimers, parkinsons
26
How do microglia work?
-resting microglia has thin dendrites that are searching for danger, when activated the dendrites will swell and begin to phagocytose
27
Major divisions of brain
-Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
28
Forebrain
-Diencephalon: Hypothalamus- controls hunger, thirst temperature thalamus-relay station to cortex for sensory information -Telencephalon: cerebrum- voluntary movements, sensations, learning, remebering, thinking, emotion, conciousness
29
Midbrain
-conducting and switching center
30
Hindbrain
- medulla: control over breathing, swallowing digestion, heart rate - pons: connects upper and lower parts of brain, serving as message station - cerebellum: muscle tone, body balance, coordination of skilled movements
31
sulci
space in between gyri (valley)
32
gyri
fold of brain (mountain)
33
fissure
space in between gyri that is deeper than sulcus
34
need for gyri and sulci/fissure
allows for increased surface area in same amount of space
35
5 lobes of cerebrum and functions
Frontal: motor, higher order decision making, thinking, executive processing, problem solving, not fully developed until after 20's, language center, sexual control, social behavior, memory, CONTROL CENTER -damage: personality disorder (phineas gage) Parietal: sensory information, proprioception, localization of sensation and integration of sansation Occipital: visual processing center Temporal: hearing, memory (hippocampus), speech comprehension (wernickes area) Limbic (inside): emotional processing and memory, contains the -amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, basal ganglia
36
Homunculus
- Helps to understand distribution of motor and sensory | - distribution is based on amount of receptors, sensory receptor density
37
Importance of layout in sensory receptors
- thoracic: receptors connected to multiple levels of spinal nerves causing inability to discriminate fine touch - palms: receptors are connected to one spinal nerve level which allows for discrimination of fine touch
38
Grey matter
Contains cell bodies -inside on spinal cord, outside in brain (cerebral cortex)
39
White matter
Contains axons, In spinal cord on outside, in brain it is on inside, referred to as tracks
40
nucelus vs ganglia
- Ganglia contains cell bodies, can have mult cell bodies | - Cell body contains nucleus and there is only one nucleus per neuron
41
Types of tracts in the brain
- Ascending/descending (projection tracks) - Commisural: connect one side of the brain to the other (right and left)-corpus callosum - Association fiber: connect one gyri to another
42
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
43
Do spinal nerves exit above or below spinal segment?
in cervical: above, except for cervical nerve 8 which goes below c7 vertebrae in thoracic and lumbar: exit below after L2: spinal nerve leaves the spinal cord from the conus medullaris, and travels along the cauda equina until it exits below the vertebra in which it is named for
44
which portion of grey matter is sensory and motor?
sensory: dorsal horn of grey matter motor: ventral horn of grey matter
45
Distribution of motor neurons
In ventral horn, will be in hierarchical order, meaning that signals to lateral part of hand will coorelate to lateral part of ventral horn
46
Where are primary tracts of sensory and motor information located?
ascending: dorsal and lateral descending: ventral and medial
47
Upper vs lower motor neuron
- upper: in brain, will synapse at ventral horn | - lower: in ventral horn of grey matter, will synapse depending on whether it is somatic or autonomic
48
Disorder of cerebellum
ataxia: balance issues
49
Disorder of basal ganglia
movement disorder -dyskinesia: speed of activity is being disordered; parkinsons
50
Somatosensory tracts for crude (temp/pain) vs fine touch
- crude: primary synapse at dorsal root ganglia, will cross over in spinal segment forming spinothalamic tract, secondary synapse at thalamus, tertiary synapse at primary somatosensory cortex - fine touch: primary synapse at dorsal root ganglia, secondary synapse at medulla to cross over medial lemniscus, travel up and tertiary synapse at thalamus, will eventually synapse at primary somatosensory cortex
51
Brainstem functions
- conduit for ascending/descending tract - contains cranial nerves 3-10 and 12 - can connect to cerebellum with peduncles - contains reticular formation: cardiac and respiratory centers, basomotor sensors

Unit 1: LGS (9 decks)

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