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Unit 1: LGS > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of CNS

A

Brain and Spinal cord

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2
Q

Parts of PNS

A
  • Sensory

- Efferent

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3
Q

Parts of efferent

A
  • motor

- autonomic

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4
Q

Parts of autonomic

A
  • sympathetic

- parasympathetic

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5
Q

What does voluntary nerve affect

A

skeletal muscle

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6
Q

What does involuntary nerve affect

A

BV, cardiac, smooth, glands

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7
Q

Parts of nerve cell

A
  • Dendrites: receives signal
  • Cell body: processes information
  • Axon hillock: start of action potential and ultimate decider whether potential is propagated
  • Axon: where action potential travels down cell
  • Axon terminal: where action potential is changed from electrical to chemical signal to be passed on to post synaptic cell
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8
Q

nissl substance

A

ribosome or granule substance found in dendrites that makes proteins

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9
Q

tau

A

proteins that stabilize microtubules in axons

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10
Q

how are neurons classified?

A

by shape (where cell body is)

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11
Q

3 usual functional categories of neurons

A

cell body, dendrites, axon

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12
Q

4 types of neurons (cell body location)

A
  • unipolar
  • bipolar
  • multipolar: in muscles
  • pseudounipolar: in afferent fibers (dorsal root ganglia)
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13
Q

Structure and function of a neuron

A

-In multipolar there are a lot of dendrites and axon terminals in order to propogate multiple action potentials

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14
Q

TBI

A

traumatic brain injury

  • causes edema and shear stripping (ripping parts of neuron which causes cell leakage into interstitum which can poison surrounding neurons)
  • swelling can cause obstruction of vasculature and cause cell death (inability to perform respiration)
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15
Q

Immunohistochemistry

A

section of brain stained with immuno dyes

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16
Q

neuroglia

A
  • blanket term for cells that help neurons carry out functions
  • provide structural support, insulate, nourish, and remove waste products
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17
Q

neuroglia of CNS

A

microglia, oligodendrocytes, epidymal, astrocyte

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18
Q

neuroglia of PNS

A

satellite cells and schwann cells

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19
Q

myelin function

A

insulation and saltatory conduction

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20
Q

are there unmyelinated cells

A

No, all cells have myelin, demyelinated cells refers to cells that do not have tightly bound myelin in comparison to myelinated cells which have a lot of myelin

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21
Q

what does white matter contain?

A

axons

22
Q

what does grey matter contain?

A

cell bodies

23
Q

What does MS cause?

A

affects myelination and disrupts saltatory conduction

-symptoms: over time will go from weakness and decrease in sensation to no movement and loss of touch

24
Q

cell that aides neurons during inflammation

A

microglia

25
Q

conditions that cause neuroinflammation

A

-TBI, alzheimers, parkinsons

26
Q

How do microglia work?

A

-resting microglia has thin dendrites that are searching for danger, when activated the dendrites will swell and begin to phagocytose

27
Q

Major divisions of brain

A

-Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

28
Q

Forebrain

A

-Diencephalon: Hypothalamus- controls hunger, thirst temperature
thalamus-relay station to cortex for sensory information
-Telencephalon: cerebrum- voluntary movements, sensations, learning, remebering, thinking, emotion, conciousness

29
Q

Midbrain

A

-conducting and switching center

30
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • medulla: control over breathing, swallowing digestion, heart rate
  • pons: connects upper and lower parts of brain, serving as message station
  • cerebellum: muscle tone, body balance, coordination of skilled movements
31
Q

sulci

A

space in between gyri (valley)

32
Q

gyri

A

fold of brain (mountain)

33
Q

fissure

A

space in between gyri that is deeper than sulcus

34
Q

need for gyri and sulci/fissure

A

allows for increased surface area in same amount of space

35
Q

5 lobes of cerebrum and functions

A

Frontal: motor, higher order decision making, thinking, executive processing, problem solving, not fully developed until after 20’s, language center, sexual control, social behavior, memory, CONTROL CENTER
-damage: personality disorder (phineas gage)

Parietal: sensory information, proprioception, localization of sensation and integration of sansation

Occipital: visual processing center

Temporal: hearing, memory (hippocampus), speech comprehension (wernickes area)

Limbic (inside): emotional processing and memory, contains the -amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, basal ganglia

36
Q

Homunculus

A
  • Helps to understand distribution of motor and sensory

- distribution is based on amount of receptors, sensory receptor density

37
Q

Importance of layout in sensory receptors

A
  • thoracic: receptors connected to multiple levels of spinal nerves causing inability to discriminate fine touch
  • palms: receptors are connected to one spinal nerve level which allows for discrimination of fine touch
38
Q

Grey matter

A

Contains cell bodies

-inside on spinal cord, outside in brain (cerebral cortex)

39
Q

White matter

A

Contains axons,

In spinal cord on outside, in brain it is on inside,

referred to as tracks

40
Q

nucelus vs ganglia

A
  • Ganglia contains cell bodies, can have mult cell bodies

- Cell body contains nucleus and there is only one nucleus per neuron

41
Q

Types of tracts in the brain

A
  • Ascending/descending (projection tracks)
  • Commisural: connect one side of the brain to the other (right and left)-corpus callosum
  • Association fiber: connect one gyri to another
42
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31

43
Q

Do spinal nerves exit above or below spinal segment?

A

in cervical: above, except for cervical nerve 8 which goes below c7 vertebrae

in thoracic and lumbar: exit below

after L2: spinal nerve leaves the spinal cord from the conus medullaris, and travels along the cauda equina until it exits below the vertebra in which it is named for

44
Q

which portion of grey matter is sensory and motor?

A

sensory: dorsal horn of grey matter
motor: ventral horn of grey matter

45
Q

Distribution of motor neurons

A

In ventral horn, will be in hierarchical order, meaning that signals to lateral part of hand will coorelate to lateral part of ventral horn

46
Q

Where are primary tracts of sensory and motor information located?

A

ascending: dorsal and lateral
descending: ventral and medial

47
Q

Upper vs lower motor neuron

A
  • upper: in brain, will synapse at ventral horn

- lower: in ventral horn of grey matter, will synapse depending on whether it is somatic or autonomic

48
Q

Disorder of cerebellum

A

ataxia: balance issues

49
Q

Disorder of basal ganglia

A

movement disorder

-dyskinesia: speed of activity is being disordered; parkinsons

50
Q

Somatosensory tracts for crude (temp/pain) vs fine touch

A
  • crude: primary synapse at dorsal root ganglia, will cross over in spinal segment forming spinothalamic tract, secondary synapse at thalamus, tertiary synapse at primary somatosensory cortex
  • fine touch: primary synapse at dorsal root ganglia, secondary synapse at medulla to cross over medial lemniscus, travel up and tertiary synapse at thalamus, will eventually synapse at primary somatosensory cortex
51
Q

Brainstem functions

A
  • conduit for ascending/descending tract
  • contains cranial nerves 3-10 and 12
  • can connect to cerebellum with peduncles
  • contains reticular formation: cardiac and respiratory centers, basomotor sensors

Unit 1: LGS (9 decks)

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