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Unit 1: LGS > Week 5 > Flashcards

Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What does GI system include and what is its function?

A
  • Includes:
    - GI Tract: mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestins
    - Accessory glands: salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
  • Function: assimilation of nutrients and excretion of waste product
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2
Q

Major events for assimilation of nutrients:

A
  • chewing makes food into bolus; allows for saliva to lubricate food and provides enzymes for digestion; 10 sec
  • stomach mixes and grinds food to make them into smaller pieces, gastric acid dissolves and denatures components of food; 1-4 hrs
  • food in small intestine is accompanied with exocrine secretions from pancreas and gallbladder. Pancreas also secretes HCO3 to neutralize acid from stomach.
  • food moves through intestine where the nutrients is broken down by enzymes and absorbed; takes 7-10 hours
  • food goes through large intestine where water and electrolytes are taken out, unprocessed carbs are fermented, and fecal matter is stored. The fecal matter will be released in 1-3 days.
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3
Q

Tissue layers that comprise the GI tract

A

• Mucosa
-epithelium; single cell layer
-highly folded
-contains cells that release enzymes to break down food
-Contains membrane transporters to bring in broken down substances
-Contains lamina propria on basal side for microvasculature and nerves
• Submucosa:
-contains blood and lymph vessels
-contains nerves
• Muscularis externa:
-two smooth muscle layers responsible for mixing and moving food along GI tract
-mesenteric plexus lies between two muscles
• Serosa
-peritoneum
-Includes blood vessels, extrinsic (muscle) nerves, ducts of large accessory glands

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4
Q

Gastroparesis:

A
  • caused by diabetes
    • consists of slow stomach emptying
    • causes early satiety and sporadic emptying making it hard to control blood sugar
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5
Q

Celiac Spruce:

A
  • malabsorption due to hypersensitivity to gluten

- causes immune system to destruct villi in small intestine

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6
Q

Sarcoidosis:

A

-granulomas secrete vitamin D-like substance which causes increased Ca2+ absorption and hypercalcemia

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7
Q

Hemochromatosis

A
  • automsomal recessive; mutation of HFE

- HFE no longer able to regulate iron absorption and causes toxic iron overload

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8
Q

Lactase deficiency

A
  • milk intolerance

- causes osmotic diarrhea and bloating

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9
Q

Three functions of small intestinal motilityduring the fed state are

A
  1. Mixingof foodstuffs with digestive secretions and enzymes.
  2. Distributionof the luminal contents around the mucosa for absorption.
  3. Propulsionof the luminal contents in the aboral direction (away from the mouth)
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10
Q

Types of motility

A
  1. Segmentationcontractions produce a string of segments that constantly form and reform.The main function of segmentation contractions is mixing of the luminal contents.
  2. Peristalsisconsists of a wave of contractions that moves a bolus aborally.The function of peristalsis is propulsion of luminal material. Peristalsis is a reflex, and the main stimulus is moderate distension of the gut wall. The circular muscle contracts in the upstream contracting segment, forcing the bolus forward;receptive relaxationof the circular muscle in the downstream segment reduces the force needed to move the bolus aborally.
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11
Q

Carb absorption

A
  • Amylase breaks down starch into oligosaccharides
  • Glucoamylase and isomaltase break down oligo into di (lactose, maltose, sucrose)
  • disacch are broken down by lactase, sucrase, maltase into monomers L (gluc, galac), S (gluc and fruc), M (fruc, galac)
  • SGLT1: picks up Na and glucose/galactose and brings into enterocyte, exit enterocyte through GLUT2
  • Drives fluid absorption into enterocyte through use of Ca2
  • Fructose is taken up by GLUT5, exit enterocyte through GLUT2
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12
Q

Protein absorption

A
  • Protein is put into enterocyte by pepsin
  • Endopeptidases break into oligopeptides
  • Ectopepdiase break into individual AA
  • AA transported into enterocyte with cotransporter of Na
  • Dipeptides/Tripeptides transported into enterocyte with H linke cotransporter
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13
Q

Fat digestion

A
  • involves a mechanical phase and a chemical phase.
  • mechanical: chewing and peristalisis; creates emulsion
  • Lipase removes fatty acids from triglycerides
  • Medium fatty chains diffuse from lumen into blood
  • Long fatty chains diffuse in micelles, the micelles travel to the unstirred layer above enterocyte and are destabilized which allows for long FA to escape into the membrane, the FA’s are put back into triglycerides in the enterocyte smooth ER, apoproteins are added to triglyceride in golgi and vessicle (chylomicron) takes lipoprotein across basolateral cell wall into lymph, lymph reaches systemic blood when it enters into vein and triglyceride is freed from chylomicron by endothelial lipoprotein lipase, the triglyceride goes to fat storage in adipose tissue or muscle and chylomicron travels to liver
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14
Q

Fat soluble viatmins

A

A, D, E, and K

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15
Q

Function of Vitamin B

A

B1(thiamine): Coenzyme in pyruvate and α-ketoacid metabolism
B2(riboflavin):Coenzyme in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism
B3(niacin):Coenzyme in mitochondrial oxidative metabolism
Pantothenic acid:Coenzyme A: needed for metabolism of carbohydrate and fat via acetyl-coenzyme A and amino acid synthesis

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16
Q

Energy Densities

A

fat (9 kcal/g),
carbohydrate (4 kcal/g),
protein (4 kcal/g),
alcohol (ethanol) provides energy (7 kcal/g).

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17
Q

Marasumus

A
  • caused by starvation or chronic illness
  • all energy sources are affected
  • starved appearance, serum albumin normal
  • poor wound healing,
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18
Q

Kwashikor

A
  • caused by acute illness
  • only protein digestion
  • Normal BMI, edema, low serum albumin,
  • easily infected
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19
Q

Hepatic portal circulation

A

blood is drained from the digestive organs (and the spleen, gall bladder, and pancreas) and the then delivered to the liver to be processed before returning back to venous system to be brought back to heart

20
Q

How do all energy sources feed into TCA?

A

All are converted into acetyl-CoA during their breakdown

21
Q

Aerobic vs. Anaerobic ATP production

A

32 vs 2

22
Q

PFK-1

A
  • controls when G6-P is made into F6P
  • has 4 sites for regulation: ATP inhibition (build up of ATP will stop glycolysis and start storage), AMP activation (build up of AMP will start glycolysis to produce ATP), Citrate inhibition (allows for glycolysis to participate with other pathways), F2-6 BP activation (build up of F26 BP will continue to activate glycolysis)
23
Q

BMR

A

amnt of energy cells would spend for normal sustenance

- measured when resting-not after eating because we would be breaking down food - factors: age (eat less), body mass (lean vs fatty), sex (males have more lean muscle), thyroid (increases/decreases metabolism)
24
Q

DEE:

A

amnt of energy cells need with BMR and activity

-can lead to weight loss with increased activity

25
Q

RBC glycolysis

A

does not have mito so they do not put glucose into TCA and instead only break down glucose into pyruvate which produces 2 ATP

26
Q

Neurons and glycolysis

A
  • glucose is main fuel oxidized by neurons because cannot oxidize fat due to not having two enzymes
  • in absence of glucose would use ketones (during starvation)
27
Q

Allosteric regulation

A
  • will bind to site other then active catalytic site; can cause conformational change
  • positive: increase activity of enzyme
  • negative: decrease activity of enzyme
28
Q

Vmax

A

enzyme is saturated with substrate and can no longer bind any more

29
Q

Km

A

concentration where you have 1/2 max velocity

-increase substrate = increase velocity

30
Q

Pesticides and glycolysis

A

Produces f-acetyl-SCoA which is competitive inhibitor of enzyme that changes fluorocitrate into cisaconitate in TCA; therefore stopping TCA

31
Q

Complex of ETC

A

Complex 1: uses NADH

Complex 2: uses FADH2

32
Q

Rotenone

A

blocks complex 1; will be increase in NADH leading to acidosis and low ATP

33
Q

Diet medications causing uncoupled ETC from ox phos

A
  • pokes holes into mito membrane
  • allows for electrons to pass from intermembrane space into inner cytoplasm of mito without going through ATP synthase which means electrons are not being used to create ATP and
    - Since electrons not being used to make ATP the cell will start to rely on anaerobic glycolysis which will deplete glycogen storage and cause fat to be used to produce energy
34
Q

Active transport

A

Primary: occurs via membrane proteins that directly couple ATP hydrolysis to solute movement.
Secondary: energy is used to develop a favorable electrochemical driving force for one solute, which is then used to power the transport of other solutes

35
Q

Passive transport

A

does not require ATP hydrolysis or coupling to another solute

36
Q

Na electrochemical gradient and glucose

A

Na/K pump (primary) on basolateral side of eneterocyte is used to pump Na out of eneterocyte into submucosa. On apical side Na is then coupled to glucose and flows down its gradient to transport glucose into the enterocyte (secondary). Water is also moved from lumen into enterocyte because it is coupled to Ca which follows Na.

37
Q

steatorrhea

A

fat in stool caused by inability to break down fat due to decrease in enzymes released from pancreas

38
Q

zero order absorption

A

Absorption is independent; drug is saturating very quickly

39
Q

first order absorption

A
  • Absorption is dependent; has half life; most drugs.
  • Following absorption across the gut, the portal vein system delivers the drug to the liver prior to entry into the systemic circulation
40
Q

First pass metabolism decreases

A

drug bioavailability

41
Q

Principal organ of drug metabolism

A

Liver

42
Q

Other tissues that display considerable drug metabolism

A

gastrointestinal tract, the lungs, the skin, the kidneys, and the brain.

43
Q

Phase I reactions

A
  • convert the parent drug to a more polar metabolite by introducing or unmasking a functional group
  • Phase I: Acetylation, Reduction, Deamination, Hydrolyses, Oxidation
44
Q

Phase II reactions

A
  • link or conjugate polar functional groups of phase I metabolites with molecules containing hydrophilic functional groups.
  • Phase II: Glucuronidation, glycine conjugation, methylation, glutathion conjugation, sulfation
45
Q

CYP

A

2C9, 2D6, 34A account for 75% of CYPs.
Inducers can be other drugs or natural remedies.
Inhibitors are drug-drug interactions

46
Q

What is energy made out of? (2)

A

Resting Energy + Physical activity

47
Q

How do you calculate estimated energy requirement?

A 
(Resting Energy) (Physical activity)
RE:
males- 900+10(kg)
females-700+7(kg)
PE:
sedentary: 1.2
moderately active: 1.4
very active: 1.8

Unit 1: LGS (9 decks)

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