Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Unit 1: LGS > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Fathers of microbiology

A

Leeuwekhook: invented microscope and discovered micro-organisms; Saw bacteria, fungi, parasites Pasteur: disproved spontaneous generation (belief that organisms came from nothing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Mueller

A

organized bacteria into categories -Lanaya system -Binomial nomenclature: makes it easier to talk about with other people since there are so many

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

germ theory

A

theory created by Henle that stated that microorganisms caused illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Father of medical microbiology

A

Koch: created postulates-proved germ theory- one microbe=one disease (anthrax). Father of medical microbiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Lister

A

discovered antiseptics Prevent disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Flemming

A

discovered penicillin Used as antibiotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Human genome project

A
  • Sequencing genome of human which allows for fixing of genes that are not working correctly -Led to discovering Micro-biome: normal flora; needed to take up space and prevent pathogenic bacteria from having access □ Removed with anti-biotics, changing diet, getting sick can flush them out □ Replenished with pro-biotics
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Virus

A

§ RNA/DNA both § Prions (infectious proteins; misfold and aggregate; alzheimers) § Viroids (RNA doubled up on itself causing infection)–only found in plants/potatoes § Satelite virus (needs helper virus to infect host–hep D needs hep B) § Requires host to replicate § Smallest § HIV Sacrophiles (low temp), Halophiles (salt), Barophiles (pressure), Acidophiles (pH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Bacteria

A

§ Gram +/- (cell wall with peptidoglycan) § Gram - has cell wall on either side of peptidoglycan and has lipids (more potent) § Micro-bacteria-have special acids in cells wall tuberculosis § Classified with shapes-rod, spears, comma, spirals § Prokaryotes-no nucleus § Asexual § Pathogenic/beneficial Staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fungi

A

§ Eukaryotes § Mold (asex/sex) aspergilli § Yeast (asex) s. cerviciae Histoplasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Parasites

A

§ Largest § Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes § Complex life cycle § Helmets (Tape worm) § Protozoa (amoeba)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

PCR

A

Used to quickly detect if it is virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Define microbiota

A

Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environmental sites and host niches in health and disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define medical microbiology

A

The ability to understand and organize the different types of microbes and the benefits/diseases they can cause human beings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Define a microbe

A

Microbes: living organisms that are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic that have ability to spread illness or live in harmony with humans.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Barriers in innate (3)

A

Mechanical

○ Epidermis: Continuous shedding and sweating limits ability of microbe to attach

○ Mucous membranes: Coated in mucins (sticky mixture of glycoproteins) makes it difficult to adhere to and penetrate surface § Undergo rapid division •

Chemical

○ Inhibit microbes from adhering and growing

○ Skin-GI: hydrochloric acid; Saliva: lysozyme

○ Defensins: antimicrobial peptides; Positively charged create pores in lipid membranes

Biologic

○ Pertains to specific microbiome of normal flora which compete for nutrients and defend tissue

○ Affected by anti-biotics which can kill off some of normal flora and allow remaining to grow and throw off microbiome, causing infection

○ Antibodies: IgG and IgA are secreted to bind microbes and prevent them from adhering to epithelial layeras signals to draw in macrophages and other phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phagocytes (4)

A

○ Tissue macrophages: first cells to encounter foreign material

○ Neutrophils: migrate to damaged tissue and help with inflammation (calling for more help to fight infection)

○ Dendritic cell: carry away microbe material into lymph where they activate adaptive immune response

○ Monocyte: undifferentiated and can differentiate into dendritic cell or macrophage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • TLR2: Peptidoglycan (gram-positive bacteria)
  • TLR4: Lipopolysaccharide (bacterial endotoxin)
  • TLR9: Bacterial DNA
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen-associated molecular pattern: presents on surface of microbes; can be detected on outside or inside of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Class I MHC

A

○ located on all human cells, and presented to cytotoxic t cells on cell surface with peptides that allows t cell to differentiate between normal human cell and infected cells/microbe cells “self antigens”

○ Human cells infected with virus/bacteria will have peptides from bacteria/virus presented on cell surface allowing for NKC to locate them and kill them

21
Q

Class II MHC

A

○ Only contained by tissue resident macrophages and dendritic cells; monocytes after differentiation into one of above

○ Presented to helper t cells with peptides located in vesicle or endosome from protein being phagosized and bacteria being killed (antigens)

○ Dendritic cells will take antigen and class II MHC, travel through lymph (CRR7) into lymph node to prep “naïve helper t cells”

22
Q

Macrophage

A
  • large phagocyte located in all cells
  • engulfs and kills many classes of microbes
  • removal of debris/ tissue repair
  • Class II MHC-APC
  • Process surface IgG which helps it phago better/faster
23
Q

Dendritic cell

A
  • cell with long branches that resides in epithelium and secondary lymph organs
  • antigen uptake and presentation (cross presentation)
  • Priming of naiive t cells
  • APC class II MHC
24
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Most common leukocyte, and first responder
  • Engulfs and kills bacteria/fungi
  • Digests cellular debris
  • Attracted into tissue by chemokines (IL-17)
25
Eosinophil
- granules contain basic proteins that are toxic to cells - recruited by eotoxin - involved in asthma and allergic reactions -involved with helminth infections - maturation is triggered by IL-5
26
Basophil
- Present at low frequency in blood - Release histamine, protease, chemokines, and cytokines - Present in allergic reactions
27
Mast cell
- Distributed in tissue around vasculature - Release histamine, protease, chemokines, and cytokines - Present in allergic reactions
28
Function of immunoglobulin
- antibody dependent cytotoxicity - binds toxins - opsonization coats bacteria which allows for easier engulfing of microbe - are now treatments for cancer
29
IgG
Main antibody in the secondary response. Opsonizes bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize. Fixes complement, which enhances bacterial killing. Neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses. Crosses the placenta.
30
IgA
prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes. Does not fix complement.
31
IgM
Produced in the primary response to an antigen. Fixes complement. Does not cross the placenta. Antigen receptor on the surface of B cells.
32
IgD
Uncertain. Found on the surface of many B cells as well as in serum.
33
IgE
- Mediates immediate hypersensitivity by causing release of contents from the granules of mast cells and basophils upon exposure to antigen (allergen). - Defends against worm infections by causing release of enzymes from eosinophils. Important host defense against tissue-invasive helminth infections.
34
T-cell–independent Response vs T cell dependent
Independent: Antigen cross links IgG receptors to achieve strong activation signal; response is short lived Dependent: APC binds bacteria, antigen presented on MHCII, APC presents to naivee T cell, T cell differentiates into Th2, Th2 will activate B cell, lasts much longer than indepent
35
CD4
- TH1 (tfh): Activates CD8, macrophage through cytokines (TNF alpha); one of major players in inflammatory diseases - TH2: Participates in activation of B cells, Class switching b cells to IgE (IL5); responsible for clearing helmets and allergies - TH17: Neutrophil activation to barrier tissue
36
CD8
kill virus infected cells and tumor cells
37
Variable portion of antibody
- portions of the L and H chains that actually bind the antigen - only 5 to 10 amino acids long
38
2 signals to activate t cells
- first signal: TCR and MHC complex of dendritic cell meet -second signal: co stimulator--CD28 on tcell binding with B7 from dendritic cell which allows for CD3 to send signal to tcell nucleus and then activate t cell to proliferate - b7 is expressed because of prr interaction with PAMP on dendritic cell which is induced by antigen presentation of microbe (mistakenly presented self antigen)
39
CD3 on tcell
facilitate signal transduction from t cell receptor into nucleus for transcription translations of cytokines
40
What down regulates T cell
CTLA (on t cell) competes with CD28 (on t cell) to bind B7 (on MHC cell) to self regulate t cells by turning off signal from CD3 PD1 (on t cell) binding to PDL1 (on MHC cell) is second inhibitory signal that turns off CD3
41
Class switching
further gene rearrangement enables new antibodies that use the same VH but different CH chains
42
What constitutes maturity?
-has fully developed cell receptor, has been fully translated and expressed on cell membrane -double + t cell = Immature because it has not developed into specific cd4/cd8
43
Types of T cells
- Thelper: CD4 - Tkiller: CD8 - Treg: Tempering immune response and prevents autoimmunity - Memory T
44
Acute HIV infection:
-HIV is virus (RNA) that will invade mucosa of genitourinary track that wreaks havoc on T-H17 (CD4) allows for multiple organisms to invade through human -allows for opportunistic infections
45
Explain why narrative competence is to providing compassionate, ethical care.
Ability to listen/understand peoples story so that you can be able to personalize their care according to their needs
46
Defensins
Come from kidney, create pores in cell membrane of bacteria
47
Extracellular receptors
Toll like (TLR) C-type lectin (CLR)
48
Intracellular receptors
NOD: peptidoglycan (gram +) Rig-I-Helicase: Double stranded RNA (virus)

Unit 1: LGS (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions