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Unit 1: LGS > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Fathers of microbiology

A

Leeuwekhook: invented microscope and discovered micro-organisms; Saw bacteria, fungi, parasites Pasteur: disproved spontaneous generation (belief that organisms came from nothing)

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2
Q

Mueller

A

organized bacteria into categories -Lanaya system -Binomial nomenclature: makes it easier to talk about with other people since there are so many

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3
Q

germ theory

A

theory created by Henle that stated that microorganisms caused illness

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4
Q

Father of medical microbiology

A

Koch: created postulates-proved germ theory- one microbe=one disease (anthrax). Father of medical microbiology

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5
Q

Lister

A

discovered antiseptics Prevent disease

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6
Q

Flemming

A

discovered penicillin Used as antibiotic

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7
Q

Human genome project

A
  • Sequencing genome of human which allows for fixing of genes that are not working correctly -Led to discovering Micro-biome: normal flora; needed to take up space and prevent pathogenic bacteria from having access □ Removed with anti-biotics, changing diet, getting sick can flush them out □ Replenished with pro-biotics
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8
Q

Virus

A

§ RNA/DNA both § Prions (infectious proteins; misfold and aggregate; alzheimers) § Viroids (RNA doubled up on itself causing infection)–only found in plants/potatoes § Satelite virus (needs helper virus to infect host–hep D needs hep B) § Requires host to replicate § Smallest § HIV Sacrophiles (low temp), Halophiles (salt), Barophiles (pressure), Acidophiles (pH)

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9
Q

Bacteria

A

§ Gram +/- (cell wall with peptidoglycan) § Gram - has cell wall on either side of peptidoglycan and has lipids (more potent) § Micro-bacteria-have special acids in cells wall tuberculosis § Classified with shapes-rod, spears, comma, spirals § Prokaryotes-no nucleus § Asexual § Pathogenic/beneficial Staph aureus

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10
Q

Fungi

A

§ Eukaryotes § Mold (asex/sex) aspergilli § Yeast (asex) s. cerviciae Histoplasma

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11
Q

Parasites

A

§ Largest § Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes § Complex life cycle § Helmets (Tape worm) § Protozoa (amoeba)

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12
Q

PCR

A

Used to quickly detect if it is virus

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13
Q

Define microbiota

A

Community of microbes that live in and on an individual; can vary substantially between environmental sites and host niches in health and disease

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14
Q

Define medical microbiology

A

The ability to understand and organize the different types of microbes and the benefits/diseases they can cause human beings

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15
Q

Define a microbe

A

Microbes: living organisms that are either prokaryotic or eukaryotic that have ability to spread illness or live in harmony with humans.

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16
Q

Barriers in innate (3)

A

Mechanical

○ Epidermis: Continuous shedding and sweating limits ability of microbe to attach

○ Mucous membranes: Coated in mucins (sticky mixture of glycoproteins) makes it difficult to adhere to and penetrate surface § Undergo rapid division •

Chemical

○ Inhibit microbes from adhering and growing

○ Skin-GI: hydrochloric acid; Saliva: lysozyme

○ Defensins: antimicrobial peptides; Positively charged create pores in lipid membranes

Biologic

○ Pertains to specific microbiome of normal flora which compete for nutrients and defend tissue

○ Affected by anti-biotics which can kill off some of normal flora and allow remaining to grow and throw off microbiome, causing infection

○ Antibodies: IgG and IgA are secreted to bind microbes and prevent them from adhering to epithelial layeras signals to draw in macrophages and other phagocytes

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17
Q

Phagocytes (4)

A

○ Tissue macrophages: first cells to encounter foreign material

○ Neutrophils: migrate to damaged tissue and help with inflammation (calling for more help to fight infection)

○ Dendritic cell: carry away microbe material into lymph where they activate adaptive immune response

○ Monocyte: undifferentiated and can differentiate into dendritic cell or macrophage

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18
Q

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A
  • TLR2: Peptidoglycan (gram-positive bacteria)
  • TLR4: Lipopolysaccharide (bacterial endotoxin)
  • TLR9: Bacterial DNA
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19
Q

PAMP

A

pathogen-associated molecular pattern: presents on surface of microbes; can be detected on outside or inside of cell

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20
Q

Class I MHC

A

○ located on all human cells, and presented to cytotoxic t cells on cell surface with peptides that allows t cell to differentiate between normal human cell and infected cells/microbe cells “self antigens”

○ Human cells infected with virus/bacteria will have peptides from bacteria/virus presented on cell surface allowing for NKC to locate them and kill them

21
Q

Class II MHC

A

○ Only contained by tissue resident macrophages and dendritic cells; monocytes after differentiation into one of above

○ Presented to helper t cells with peptides located in vesicle or endosome from protein being phagosized and bacteria being killed (antigens)

○ Dendritic cells will take antigen and class II MHC, travel through lymph (CRR7) into lymph node to prep “naïve helper t cells”

22
Q

Macrophage

A
  • large phagocyte located in all cells
  • engulfs and kills many classes of microbes
  • removal of debris/ tissue repair
  • Class II MHC-APC
  • Process surface IgG which helps it phago better/faster
23
Q

Dendritic cell

A
  • cell with long branches that resides in epithelium and secondary lymph organs
  • antigen uptake and presentation (cross presentation)
  • Priming of naiive t cells
  • APC class II MHC
24
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • Most common leukocyte, and first responder
  • Engulfs and kills bacteria/fungi
  • Digests cellular debris
  • Attracted into tissue by chemokines (IL-17)
25
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • granules contain basic proteins that are toxic to cells
  • recruited by eotoxin
  • involved in asthma and allergic reactions -involved with helminth infections
  • maturation is triggered by IL-5
26
Q

Basophil

A
  • Present at low frequency in blood
  • Release histamine, protease, chemokines, and cytokines
  • Present in allergic reactions
27
Q

Mast cell

A
  • Distributed in tissue around vasculature
  • Release histamine, protease, chemokines, and cytokines
  • Present in allergic reactions
28
Q

Function of immunoglobulin

A
  • antibody dependent cytotoxicity
  • binds toxins
  • opsonization coats bacteria which allows for easier engulfing of microbe
  • are now treatments for cancer
29
Q

IgG

A

Main antibody in the secondary response. Opsonizes bacteria, making them easier to phagocytize. Fixes complement, which enhances bacterial killing. Neutralizes bacterial toxins and viruses. Crosses the placenta.

30
Q

IgA

A

prevents attachment of bacteria and viruses to mucous membranes. Does not fix complement.

31
Q

IgM

A

Produced in the primary response to an antigen. Fixes complement. Does not cross the placenta. Antigen receptor on the surface of B cells.

32
Q

IgD

A

Uncertain. Found on the surface of many B cells as well as in serum.

33
Q

IgE

A
  • Mediates immediate hypersensitivity by causing release of contents from the granules of mast cells and basophils upon exposure to antigen (allergen).
  • Defends against worm infections by causing release of enzymes from eosinophils. Important host defense against tissue-invasive helminth infections.
34
Q

T-cell–independent Response vs T cell dependent

A

Independent: Antigen cross links IgG receptors to achieve strong activation signal; response is short lived

Dependent: APC binds bacteria, antigen presented on MHCII, APC presents to naivee T cell, T cell differentiates into Th2, Th2 will activate B cell, lasts much longer than indepent

35
Q

CD4

A
  • TH1 (tfh): Activates CD8, macrophage through cytokines (TNF alpha); one of major players in inflammatory diseases
  • TH2: Participates in activation of B cells, Class switching b cells to IgE (IL5); responsible for clearing helmets and allergies
  • TH17: Neutrophil activation to barrier tissue
36
Q

CD8

A

kill virus infected cells and tumor cells

37
Q

Variable portion of antibody

A
  • portions of the L and H chains that actually bind the antigen
  • only 5 to 10 amino acids long
38
Q

2 signals to activate t cells

A
  • first signal: TCR and MHC complex of dendritic cell meet -second signal: co stimulator–CD28 on tcell binding with B7 from dendritic cell which allows for CD3 to send signal to tcell nucleus and then activate t cell to proliferate
  • b7 is expressed because of prr interaction with PAMP on dendritic cell which is induced by antigen presentation of microbe (mistakenly presented self antigen)
39
Q

CD3 on tcell

A

facilitate signal transduction from t cell receptor into nucleus for transcription translations of cytokines

40
Q

What down regulates T cell

A

CTLA (on t cell) competes with CD28 (on t cell) to bind B7 (on MHC cell) to self regulate t cells by turning off signal from CD3

PD1 (on t cell) binding to PDL1 (on MHC cell) is second inhibitory signal that turns off CD3

41
Q

Class switching

A

further gene rearrangement enables new antibodies that use the same VH but different CH chains

42
Q

What constitutes maturity?

A

-has fully developed cell receptor, has been fully translated and expressed on cell membrane -double + t cell = Immature because it has not developed into specific cd4/cd8

43
Q

Types of T cells

A
  • Thelper: CD4
  • Tkiller: CD8
  • Treg: Tempering immune response and prevents autoimmunity
  • Memory T
44
Q

Acute HIV infection:

A

-HIV is virus (RNA) that will invade mucosa of genitourinary track that wreaks havoc on T-H17 (CD4) allows for multiple organisms to invade through human -allows for opportunistic infections

45
Q

Explain why narrative competence is to providing compassionate, ethical care.

A

Ability to listen/understand peoples story so that you can be able to personalize their care according to their needs

46
Q

Defensins

A

Come from kidney, create pores in cell membrane of bacteria

47
Q

Extracellular receptors

A

Toll like (TLR) C-type lectin (CLR)

48
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

NOD: peptidoglycan (gram +) Rig-I-Helicase: Double stranded RNA (virus)

Unit 1: LGS (9 decks)

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