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GI > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of colonic bacteria

A

Synthesise vitamins - vitamin K, vitamin B12 and thiamine
Prevent pathogen colonisation
Kill non indigenous bacteria
Stimulate development of MALT
Stimulate production of natural antibiotics

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2
Q

Adaptations of bacteria to survive in gut

A

Protective endospores e.g clostridium tetani
Pilli
Slime biofilm

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3
Q

Examples of obligate aerobes

A

Pseudomonas

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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4
Q

Examples of obligate anaerobes

A

Bacteroides fragilis

Clostridia spp

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5
Q

Examples of facultative anaerobes

A

Gram negative enteric bacteria

Gram positive skin bacteria

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6
Q

What are facultative anaerobes

A

Prefer oxygen but can live without it

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7
Q

What are the anaerobic parts of the GI tract

A 
Deep in taste buds
Biofilm between teeth
Gingival crevice areas
On tongue 
Small bowel
Colon
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8
Q

Gram positive gut cocci

A

Staphylococci
Streptococci
Enterococci

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9
Q

Gram negative gut cocci

A

Neisseria meningitis

Neisseria gonorrhoea

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10
Q

Gram positive gut bacilli

A 
Clostridia
Corynebacterium 
Bacillus
Lactobacillus
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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11
Q

Gram negative enteric bacilli

A 
Bacteroides fragilis (anaerobic)
E Coli
Pseudomonas
Proteus
Klebsiella
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholerae
Helicobacter pylori
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12
Q

Gram negative non enteric bacilli

A

Haemophilus influenzae
Bordetella pertussis - whooping cough
Brucella - from unpasteurised milk

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13
Q

What bacteria are found in the mouth and what can they cause

A

Anaerobic bacteria
Candida albicans - oral candidiasis
Streptococci mutans - gingivitis
Staph aureus - parotitis

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14
Q

What can cause cancrum oris

A

If Malnourished, Dehydrated, Immunocompromised or Systemically unwell
Mouth bacteria can cause tissue destruction

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15
Q

Causative organisms of tonsillitis

A

70% viral - adenovirus, rhinovirus, EBV

30% bacterial - streptococci pyogenes

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16
Q

What is Ludwig’s angina

A

Bacteria from tonsils drain into cervical lymph nodes and infect neck tissue causing laryngeal oedema (medical emergency)

17
Q

What is a quinsy

A

Peritonsillar abscess between one tonsil and the wall of the throat
Very painful and causes stridor and dysphasia

18
Q

Treatment for quinsy

A

Let pus out

Need to be careful not to cut internal carotid artery

19
Q

Treatment of oral or oesophageal candidiasis

A

Amphotericin lozenges

20
Q

Sites of MRSA screening swabs (where staph aureus is)

A

Nose
Throat
Perineum

21
Q

Examples of throat bacteria and conditions they cause

A 
Strep viridans - infective endocarditis 
Strep pyogenes - tonsillitis 
Strep pneumoniae - CAP
Staph
Neisseria meningitidis
H influenzae
Lactobacilli
Corynebacterium diphtheria 
Candida albicans
22
Q

Examples of colonic bacteria

A

Bacteroides fragilis/oris/melaninogenicus
E. coli
Enterococcus faecalis
Gram negative enteric bacilli

23
Q

What is a perianal abscess

A

Infection of anal glands leading to abscess around anus

24
Q

Mortality of faecal peritonitis

A

50%

25
Q

Risks of gut surgery

A

High risk of wound infection leading to wound dehiscence

26
Q

How do you reduce risk of surgical wound infection in gut surgery

A

Antibiotic prophylaxis - metronidazole with gentamicin/cephalosporin

27
Q

Clostridium species and what they cause

A

Tetani - tetanus
Dificile - pseudomembranous colitis
Perfringens - gas/wet gangrene

28
Q

Clinical features of tetanus

A

Lock jaw - produces risus sardonicus (sustained facial spasm)
Opisthotonos (backward arching of head, neck and spine)

29
Q

Describe gas/wet gangrene and treatment

A

Anaerobic digestion of glucose produces ethanol (wet) and CO2 (gas) leading to gas in tissue
Immediate amputation

30
Q

How is the vaginal mucosa kept acidic

A

Lactobacillus concerts glycogen to lactic acid

31
Q

Bacteria on perineal skin

A

E. coli
Enterococcus faecalis
Lactobacillus

32
Q

Describe travellers diarrhoea

A

Severe watery diarrhoea with no inflammation

Causative organisms is Enterotoxinogenic E. coli (ETEC)

GI (19 decks)

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