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GI > Embryology 1 > Flashcards

Embryology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When does embryonic folding take place

A

Week 4

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2
Q

Consequences of lateral folding

A

Creates ventral body wall

Primitive gut tube becomes tubular

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3
Q

Consequences of craniocaudal folding

A

Creates cranial and caudal pockets from yolk sac endoderm

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4
Q

Divisions of the primitive gut tube

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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5
Q

When does the primitive gut tube begin to develop

A

Week 3 when it pinches off from the yolk sac cavity

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6
Q

Where does the primitive gut tube run from and to

A

From the stomatodeum to the proctodeum

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7
Q

What is the opening of the primitive gut tube called and where is it

A

Vitelline duct at the umbilicus

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8
Q

What are the origins of the internal and external lining of the primitive gut tube

A

Internal lining - endoderm

External lining - splanchnic mesoderm

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9
Q

What is the intraembryonic coelom/ coelomic cavity

A

Cavity created between the somatic and splanchnic mesoderm layers which the primitive gut tube is suspended in

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10
Q

Adult derivatives of foregut

A 
Oesophagus 
Stomach
Pancreas
Liver 
Gall bladder 
Duodenum proximal to entrance of bile duct
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11
Q

Adult derivatives of midgut

A 
Duodenum distal to entrance of bile duct 
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Ascending colon
Proximal 2/3 transverse colon
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12
Q

Adult derivatives of hindgut

A 
Distal 1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum
Upper anal canal 
Internal lining of bladder and urethra
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13
Q

Blood supply of foregut

A

Celiac trunk

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14
Q

Blood supply and innervation of midgut

A

Superior mesenteric artery and vein

Parasympathetic - vagus nerve
Sympathetic - superior mesenteric ganglion and plexus

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15
Q

Blood supply and innervation of hindgut

A

Inferior mesenteric artery and vein

Parasympathetic - pelvic nerve (S2-4)
Sympathetic - inferior mesenteric ganglion and plexus

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16
Q

Adult derivative of somatic mesoderm surrounding the gut

A

Muscles and fascia of abdominal wall

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17
Q

Adult derivative of splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the gut

A

Smooth muscle of gut wall

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18
Q

How does the linea alba form

A

Progression of lateral folding leads to the 2 sides of the developing anterolateral abdominal wall to meet in the midline

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19
Q

What is the inguinal canal and what does it allow in males

A

Oblique through the layers of the abdominal wall

In males, it allows passage of developing testes into the scrotum

20
Q

What is an inguinal hernia

A

Abdominal contents push against the inguinal canal and herniate through as it is a potential site of weakness

21
Q

What is an umbilical hernia

A

Congenital malformation

Abdominal contents push against the umbilicus and herniate through as it is a potential site of weakness

22
Q

How is the intraembryonic coelom divided and by what

A

Diaphragm divides the intraembryonic coelom into the:
Abdominal cavity
Thoracic cavity

23
Q

What connects the primitive gut tube to the abdominal wall

A

Dorsal mesentery - foregut, midgut and hindgut to the roof of the abdominal cavity
Ventral mesentery - foregut to the floor of the abdominal cavity

24
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral mesenteries in the foregut region divide the peritoneal cavity into

A

Greater peritoneal sac (left)

Lesser peritoneal sac (right)

25
Q

What is an omentum

A

A double layered extension/fold of peritoneum that passes from the stomach and proximal duodenum to adjacent abdominal organs

26
Q

What is the greater omentum

A

4 layered peritoneal fold that descends from the greater curve of the stomach, folds back, and attaches to the anterior transverse colon and its mesentery
(Formed from dorsal mesentery of stomach)

27
Q

What is the lesser omentum

A

Double layered peritoneal fold that connects the lesser curvature of the stomach and proximal duodenum to the liver
It’s made up of the hepatogastric and hepatoduodenal ligaments
(Formed from ventral mesentery of stomach)

28
Q

How do the omenta form

A

Rotation of the stomach

29
Q

How is the greater curvature of the stomach created

A

Dorsal border of stomach grows faster than the ventral border

30
Q

What axes does the primitive stomach rotate about

A

Longitudinal

Anteroposterior

31
Q

Consequences of stomach rotation

A

Original left side becomes anterior (greater sac)
Original right side becomes posterior (lesser sac)
Vagus nerve lies anterior/posterior instead of left/right
Shifts cardia and pylorus from the midline
Creates the greater omentum

32
Q

What is meant by a peritoneal reflection

A

A change in direction/reflections of peritoneum

  • mesentery to visceral peritoneum (and vice versa)
  • mesentery to parietal peritoneum (and vice versa)
33
Q

What determines the mobility of abdominal contents

A

Whether it has a mesentery or not

34
Q

Define retroperitoneal organs and give some examples

A

Were never in the peritoneal cavity and therefore don’t have a mesentery
E.g kidneys, aorta, oesophagus

35
Q

Define secondary retroperitoneal organs and give some examples

A

Began development invested by peritoneum and had a mesentery but with progressive growth the mesentery is lost by fusion at the posterior abdominal wall
E.g ascending colon, descending colon, duodenum

36
Q

Why is the duodenum secondary retroperitoneal

A

Rotation of the stomach pushes the duodenum against the posterior abdominal wall because the liver is so large

37
Q

How is fusion fascia created

A

Peritoneum of the posterior abdominal wall is squished together with the duodenum and its mesentery and grows over it, creating fusion fascia

38
Q

How can the duodenum be made mobile

A

Removal of fusion fascia (avascular so no damage)

39
Q

What happens to the duodenum during weeks 5-6

A

Lumen is obliterated due to rapid growth of its lining

It’s recanalised by the end of the embryonic period (before week 9)

40
Q

When and where is the respiratory diverticulum created

A

Week 4

In the ventral wall of the foregut at the junction with the pharyngeal gut

41
Q

What does the respiratory diverticulum become and how

A

Ventrally - respiratory primordium
Dorsally - oesophagus
Divided by the tracheoesophageal septum

42
Q

Incidence of abnormal positioning of the tracheoesophageal septum

A

Up to 1 per 3000 live births

43
Q

Which foregut derived glands are formed in the ventral mesentery

A

Liver
Biliary system
Ucinate process and inferior head of pancreas

44
Q

Which foregut derived glands are formed in the dorsal mesentery

A

Superior head, neck, body and tail of pancreas

45
Q

What does the liver develop from

A

Hepatic bud

GI (19 decks)

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