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GI > Stomach > Flashcards

Stomach Flashcards

1
Q

Function of the stomach

A

Accumulation of ingested food

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2
Q

How much food can an adult stomach hold

A

2-3l

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3
Q

What affects the size and position of the stomach

A

Body shape
Degree of distension
Posture

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4
Q

What are the 5 parts of the stomach

A

Cardia - surrounds superior opening
Fundus - rounded portion superior to and left of the cardia
Body - large central portion inferior to the fundus
Antrum - rounded portion inferior to the body and left of the pylorus
Pylorus - connects to duodenum

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5
Q

What is the Z line

A

Line where the mucosa changes from oesophageal to gastric

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6
Q

Where is the oesophagogastric junction

A

Left of T11 vertebra

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7
Q

What is the inferior oesophageal sphincter

A

Diaphragmatic musculature forming the oesophageal hiatus (hole in diaphragm that oesophagus passes through) immediately superior to the Z line

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8
Q

What prevents acid reflux as well as the inferior oesophageal sphincter

A

Cardiac notch

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9
Q

What occurs as a result of frequent acid reflux

A

Heartburn
Ulceration
Barrett’s oesophagus

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10
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter

A

Thickened coat of circular muscle at the pyloric end of the stomach

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11
Q

Function of the pyloric sphincter

A

Controls discharge of the stomach contents through the pyloric orifice into the duodenum

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12
Q

How does the gastric mucosa exist when the stomach is empty

A

In longitudinal folds called rugae and a gastric canal temporarily forms between the gastric folds along the lesser curvature

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13
Q

What does the gastric canal allow

A

Saliva and other fluids to pass along to the pylorus

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14
Q

What cells produce mucus

A

Neck cells

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15
Q

What cells produce acid

A

Parietal cells

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16
Q

What cells produce pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

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17
Q

What cells produce gastrin

A

G cells

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18
Q

What cells are found in the cardia

A

Neck cells

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19
Q

What cells are found in the fundus and body

A

Neck cells
Parietal cells
Chief cells

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20
Q

What cells are found in the pylorus

A

Neck cells

G cells

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21
Q

Where do peptic ulcers commonly occur

A

Antrum

Lesser curvature

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22
Q

What does perforation of peptic ulcers lead to

A

Spillage of gastric contents into the peritoneal cavity

23
Q

Origin of the coeliac trunk

A

Abdominal aorta

24
Q

What arises from the coeliac trunk

A

Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery

25
Q

Blood supply of lesser curvature

A

Coeliac trunk -> left gastric

Coeliac trunk -> common hepatic -> right gastric

26
Q

Blood supply of the greater curvature

A

Coeliac trunk -> splenic -> left gastro-omental

Coeliac trunk -> common hepatic -> gastroduodenal -> right gastro-omental

27
Q

Blood supply of the fundus and body

A

Coeliac trunk -> splenic -> posterior gastric

Coeliac trunk -> splenic -> short gastric

28
Q

Venous supply of the stomach

A 
Left gastric vein
Right gastric vein
Short gastric vein
Left gastro-omental vein
Right gastro-omental vein 
(All follow course of respective arteries)
29
Q

What does the left gastric vein drain into

A

Hepatic portal vein

30
Q

What does the right gastric vein drain into

A

Hepatic portal vein

31
Q

What does the short gastric vein drain into

A

Splenic vein

32
Q

What forms the hepatic portal vein

A

Formed when the splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein join

33
Q

What does the left gastro-omental vein drain into

A

Splenic vein

34
Q

What does the right gastro-omental vein drain into

A

Superior mesenteric vein

35
Q

What causes acute gastritis

A

NSAIDs

Alcohol

36
Q

What occurs in acute gastritis

A

Exfoliation of surface epithelial cells and decreased secretion of protective mucus

37
Q

What causes chronic gastritis

A

Helicobacter pylori

38
Q

What occurs in chronic gastritis

A

Inflammatory changes in the mucosa result in atrophy and epithelial metaplasia

39
Q

What abdominal regions does the stomach occupy

A

Epigastric

Umbilical

40
Q

Where does the greater curvature run from and to

A

From cardiac orifice to pyloric antrum

41
Q

What is the junction between the body and pylorus

A

Angular incision (most inferior part of the lesser curvature)

42
Q

What extrinsic forces control entry of material into the stomach

A

At the oesophageal hiatus, the right crus of the diaphragm exerts pressure on the oesophageal wall
In the non eating state, the oesophagus is collapsed
The oesophagus enters the stomach at an angle so when the stomach is full, entry to the stomach is closed off

43
Q

When does the stomach empty

A

When intragastric pressure overcomes the resistance of the pylorus (normally contracted)

44
Q

Parasympathetic innervation

A

Posterior vagal trunks which are derived from the vagus nerve

45
Q

Sympathetic innervation

A

Coeliac plexus (T6-9)

46
Q

What do the gastric lymphatic vessels drain into

A

Gastric lymph nodes

Gastro-omental lymph nodes

47
Q

What do the efferent vessels from the gastric and gastro-omental lymph nodes drain into

A

Coeliac lymph nodes

48
Q

Where are the coeliac lymph nodes

A

Posterior abdominal wall

49
Q

What is GORD

A

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

A disorder affecting the lower oesophageal sphincter

50
Q

Main causes of GORD

A

Dysfunction of the lower oesophageal sphincter
Delayed gastric emptying
Hiatus hernia

51
Q

What is a hiatus hernia

A

Part of the stomach protrudes into the chest though oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm

52
Q

Types of hiatus hernia

A

Sliding

Rolling

53
Q

Describe a sliding hiatus hernia and give the common complication

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter slides superiorly

Reflux as the diaphragm is no longer reinforcing the sphincter

54
Q

Describe a rolling hiatus hernia

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter remains in place but a part of the stomach herniates into the chest next to it

GI (19 decks)

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