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Psych 421: The Neural Basis of Behavior > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

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0
Q

Three multimodal associational cortical areas

A
  1. Anterior multimodal motor integration (prefrontal cortex)
  2. Posterior multimodal sensory integration (parietal and temporal lobes)
  3. Limbic integration
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1
Q

Association cortex

A

Unimodal Association Cortex

Multimodal Association Cortex

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2
Q

Anterior multimodal motor integration

A

Location: prefrontal cortex

Involved in: motor planning, language production, judgement

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3
Q

Posterior multimodal sensory integration

A

Location: Parietal and temporal lobes

Involved in: visual-spatial, language, attention

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4
Q

Limbic integration

A

Involved in: emotion and memory

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5
Q

Which areas give input about sequencing and timing?

A

associational corticies
dorsomedial thalamus
cingulate gyrus

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6
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

Location: Layers in II, III, V and VI

Principle output cells of the cortex

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7
Q

types of cells in the association areas

A
  1. pyramidal cells
  2. Stellate cells (Golgi type II small interneurons)
  3. Fusiform cells
  4. cells of Martinotti
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8
Q

Stellate cells

A

Location: All layers except I, especially dense in IV

Golgi type II small interneurons

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9
Q

Fusiform cells

A

Location: VI

also projection cells from cortex (Huge cells, huge axons)

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10
Q

Cells of Martinotti

A

Location: all layers except I

Axons are oriented towards the surface of the cortex
keeping the information in the area by returning to the top

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11
Q

Cerebral dominance / Lateralization

A

Unilateral or nearly unilateral control of certain cerebral functions by one side of the cerebral cortex

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12
Q

Lesions in the left parietal lobe v. Lesions in the right parietal lobe

A

Left lesions lead to language disorders

Right lesions lead to “Neglect”/”Sensory neglect syndrome”

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13
Q

Neglect / Sensory neglect syndrome

A

a person ignored sensory input from the left side of the body and also input from the left side of the world

Not only impairs visual input, also visual memories

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14
Q

Astereoagnosia

A

Occurs in the contralateral hand

Inability to recognize objects by touch alone

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15
Q

Gerstmann’s Syndrome

A

Lesions to the inferior left parietal lobe

  1. left-right confusion
  2. finger agnosia (can’t tell what finger had been touched)
  3. dysgraphia - writing deficit
  4. dyscalculia - deficit in performing mathematical calculations (handedness plays a role)
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16
Q

Lesions to the inferior right parietal lobe

A

Result in inability to process the non-syntactical components of language (inflection, loudness, etc.) and in some cases generating these aspects of language

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18
Q

Balint’s Syndrome

A

Bilateral lesions to the parieto-occipital area

patients only see right in front of them, they cannot form a map of the world, cannot voluntarily gaze to a point in space; can’t place things in space (motion may help placement, left and right hand differences)

patients can learn to work around the issues if it’s not too big

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19
Q

Dominant Hemisphere

A

Just means that the main areas for a specific function lay in the “dominant hemisphere” for the function

So, language’s dominant hemisphere is left, but the right can still play a role

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20
Q

Vision in split brain patients

A

presentation in the left visual field will go to the right hemisphere

Presentation in the right visual field will go to the left hemisphere

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21
Q

Lateralization of language

A

lateralized left

Spit brain patients cannot verbalize information in the right hemisphere because it is cut off from language which is in the left

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22
Q

Planum Temporale

A

upper surface of the temporal lobe that is bigger on the left side (in most people)

contains Wernicke’s area

anatomical basis of lazeralization

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23
Q

Anatomical lateralization of language

A

can be on right, left or both - left most common

significant number of left handed people with language on the right side

Carotid anesthesia to the left side produced depression, to the right produced euphoria (depression and euphoria are strong words for this!)

24
Q

Lateralization of emotion

A

the left hemisphere seems to be associated with positive emotions (lesions to the right hemisphere can result in pathological laughing, patients with lesions in the right are often more indifferent to their condition)

the right hemisphere seems to be associated with negative emotion (lesions to the left hemisphere can results in pathological crying, patients with left hemisphere lesions are more upset about their condition)

25
Q

Damage to Broca’s area

A

3rd frontal gyrus

damage on the left side results in aphasia (but not the right)

area 44/45 of the frontal cortex, very near to the motor area that controls the muscles used in speech, but Broca’s aphasia is NOT due to muscle dysfunction

26
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

In the temporal lobe (area 22), between the primary auditory cortex and the temporal associational cortex

27
Q

Angular Gyrus

A

Close to Wernicke’s but in the occipital lobe (visual)

Area 39

28
Q

Arcuate Fasciculus

A

Bundle of fibers that connects Wernicke’s to the angular gyrus then to Broca’s area

29
Q

Three subsystems of Language

A
  1. Language implementation system\
  2. Mediational System
  3. Conceptual System
30
Q

Implementation systems

A

Includes: Boca’s, Wernicke’s, insula, Basal ganglia (because implementing is a motor system, anything motor includes basal ganglia)

Act of speaking

31
Q

Mediational System

A

Includes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal associational areas

Connects the implementation system with the conceptual system

32
Q

Conceptual system

A

Higher order cerebral cortex

Reason/content to speech

33
Q

Broca’s aphasia

A
  1. Speech is labored, slow; articulation is extremely difficult
  2. Comprehension is good
  3. Grammar seems faulty, problems using grammar
  4. Severe writing disabilities but reading is okay
  5. Difficulty finding works (anomia)
  6. Repetition may be impaired

Impairment of language production

34
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia

A
  1. unlabored, easily generated
  2. comprehension is serverely impaired
  3. speech is meaningless!
  4. paraphrasia (wrong word use)
  5. logorrhea (excessive language, talking)
  6. Totally unaware of deficit
  7. sensitive to the facial expression and tone of voice - can still interpret/abide by usual conventions of conversation
  8. severe writing and reading
35
Q

Conduction Aphasia

A
  1. comprehension is good
  2. language production is fluent
  3. repetition is impaired
  4. reading outloud is impaired (but silently is not)
  5. paraphrasia, but meaningful paraphrasing
36
Q

Flow of info for Speaking/Repeating a word that is spoken to you

A
  1. primary auditory cortex
  2. Wernicke’s area to (via the arcute fasciculus)
  3. Broca’s area to
  4. the muscles the generate speech (primary and secondary motor)
37
Q

Flow of info for Speaking/Repeating a word that is read

A
  1. primary visual cortex to
  2. angular gyrus to
  3. Wernicke’s area to
  4. Broca’s area to
  5. the muscles that generate speech
38
Q

Flow of info for generating speech

A
  1. Wernicke’s area to
  2. Broca’s area to
  3. the muscles that generate speech
39
Q

Pure Word Deafness

A

The person is not deaf but cannot understand speech. The person can generate speech but not understand it. Writing and reading is normal. Prosody normal.

Lesion: subcortical disconnection of primary auditory cortex, and Wernicke’s area

40
Q

Pure Word Blindness

A

The person can see but cannot read (alexia) and cannot write (agraphia)

Lesion: angular gyrus

41
Q

Special case of Pure Word Blindness

A

Alexia without agraphia - the person could not read, but they could write

Lesion: left visual cortex, and the splenium

42
Q

Anomia for words in general

A

Inability to find wrods

Can be seen is Broca’s area and Wernicke’s area

43
Q

Anomia for names

A

temporal lobe

44
Q

Anomia for verbs

A

frontal cortex - not the same area as for objects

45
Q

Broca’s aphasia summary

A 
Speech - 
Comprehension - 
Capacity for repetition - 
Other signs - 
Region affected -
46
Q

Wernicke’s aphasia summary

A 
Speech - 
Comprehension - 
Capacity for repetition - 
Other signs - 
Region affected -
47
Q

Conduction aphasia summary

A 
Speech - 
Comprehension - 
Capacity for repetition - 
Other signs - 
Region affected -
48
Q

Melodic Intonation Therapy

A

embedding short phrases or sentences in a simple, non-distinct melody pattern

As the program progresses, the melodic aspect is faded and the program eventually leads to production of the target phrase or sentence in normal speech prosody

Improvement on practiced words and phrases, generalized to unpracticed words and phrases

49
Q

How MIT works

A

Music is lateralized to the right hemisphere, which perhaps diminishes the language dominance of the damaged left hemisphere

Repeating words with MIT reactivated the left prefrontal cortex, while deactivating the counterpart of Wernicke’s area in the right hemisphere

Recovery is induced by the reactivation of left prefrontal structures

50
Q

Wernicke’s in pictograph languages

A

In Japanese and Chinese, there are written pictographs for language.

Temporal lesions will interfere with speech and phonetic representations with language, but not the pictograph versions

51
Q

Dyslexia

A

May be form of apraxia (a disconnection) with either the Angular Gyrus or Wernicke’s area

52
Q

Developmental Dyslexia is characterized by

A
  1. the Planum Temporale is the same size in both hemispheres (so the right planum temporale is too big)
  2. the neuronal organization of the cerebral cortex in the Planum temporale is pathologically disorganized
53
Q

Left Hemisphere language lesions in ASL

A

produce the same disruption in the production and comprehension of sign language, but the ability to communicate in nonlinguistic gesture was spared

54
Q

The left hemisphere is biased

A

to process natural languages independent of modality through which the language is perceived

55
Q

ASL also recruits

A

right hemisphere structures strongly whether or not the native signers were deaf or hearing

Psych 421: The Neural Basis of Behavior (6 decks)

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