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Psych 421: The Neural Basis of Behavior > Week 3: More Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Week 3: More Neurophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Action Potential

A
  1. Large depolarizing wave
  2. Actively propagates itself down the axon
  3. Does not lose amplitude
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2
Q

Potential Sensitive Channel

A

Begin at the axon hillock

Open and close in response to the value of VM

Potential sensitive Na+ channels
Potential sensitive K+ channels
- both open to depolarization

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3
Q

Voltage Clamp

A
  1. Measures the VM
  2. Changes the VM to any determined value
  3. Adds current to either side of the membrane to maintain the given VM
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4
Q

Tetrodotoxin (TTX)

A

Binds to and clogs Na+ potential sensitive channels (Not passive Na+ channels).

This allows for the study of K+ potential sensitive channels

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5
Q

Tetraethylammonium (TEA)

A

Binds to and clogs K+ potential sensitive channels (not passive K+ channels).

This allows for the study of Na+ potential sensitive channels.

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6
Q

Similarities between K+ and Na+ Channels

A
  1. Both open to depolarization

2. Both have a greater (population) response the greater the depolarization

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7
Q

Dissimilarities between K+ and Na+ Channels

A
  1. Na+ channels open more rapidly then K+ channels open
  2. If the depolarization persists, Na+ channels close, K+ do not
  3. Na+ channels are faster to close/K+ channels are slower to close
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8
Q

g

A

Conductance: flow of ions

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9
Q

3 States on Na+ Potential Sensitive Channels

A
  1. Closed (ready to open)
  2. Open
  3. Closed (refractory)
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10
Q

Refractory

A

The brief period that follows an action potential where the neuron cannot fire again
Due to the closed state of the Na+ channels

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11
Q

Absolute Refractory

A

immediately following an action potential during which the neuron cannot be fired because the Na+ channels are all locked closed

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12
Q

Relative Refractory

A

Right after the absolute refractory period when an action potential can be fired only if the stimulus is stronger than usual

May be due to the fact that Na+ channels become ready have different thresholds

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13
Q

Accomodation

A

When a slow depolarization raises the VM well past a normally observed threshold before the neuron will generate an action potential

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14
Q

Types of K+ Potential Sensitive (Voltage gated) Channels

A
  1. Slowly activated (delayed rectifier)
  2. Ca++ activated K+ channel
  3. A-Type - fast, transient activated by depolarization
  4. M-type - activated by depolarization, but inactivated by ACh (acetylcholine)
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15
Q

General effects of Ca++ Influx

A
  1. Contributes directly to the depolarization of the action potential
  2. Contirubutes to hyperpolarization of the neuron
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16
Q

2 Factors Ca++ Hyperpolarization is due to

A
  1. Ca++ will activate K+ channels causing K+ efflux (leaving)
  2. Ca++ will decrease it’s own influx by blocking channels
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17
Q

Hyperpolarization can lead to

A
  1. a decrease in sensitivity to depolarization
    OR
  2. an increase in sensitivity to depolarization (i.e., Ca2+ channels being open again)
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18
Q

Plasticity

A

Being able to vary the outcome of processing information

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19
Q

What types of potential sensitive channels do NG2+ glia have?

A

Na+
Ca2+
K+

20
Q

Where are NG2+ located?

A

Hippocampus
Cerebral cortex
Cerebellum

21
Q

After Potential

A

The period of hyperpolarization following the action potential

Due to the slow closing of the K+ potential sensitive channels

22
Q

Threshold (VT)

A

The value of VM when the net ionic current changes from outward to inward

23
Q

What is mediating the Action Potential?

A

Not Na+ or K+

Ca2+ AT THE AXON TERMINAL is the critical factor

24
Q

Ca2+ Potential Sensitive Channels

A

Only populate the axon terminal

Open to (slight) depolarization

25
Q

Types of Ca2+ Potential Sensitive Channels

A

L Type - not in the active zone, but still in the terminal

N Type - in the active zone

26
Q

L Type Ca2+ Potential Sensitive Channels

A

Slow, not located where the NT is released

27
Q

N Type Ca2+ Potential Sensitive Channels

A

Fast, associated with the release on NT

28
Q

End Plate

A

Post synaptic Surface

29
Q

End Plate Potential

A

the PSP

30
Q

Miniature End Plate Potentials

A

Very small end plate potentials that occur randomly in the absence of an action potential

~.5mV

Appear to be the result of one vesicle releasing into the synapse

31
Q

Quantal Hypothesis

A
  1. under normal conditions, the end plate potential of about 70mV is due to about 150 vesicles dumping into the synapse
  2. variations in end plate potentials are the result of varying amounts of vesicles dumping
32
Q

Dense Bar

A

Thickening on the inner surface of the presynaptic membrane with Ca2+ channels lining either side

Located directly opposite the postsynaptic receptor sites

Vesicles collect in rows along the top sides on the dense bars

33
Q

Active Zone

A

Dense bars and the vesicles

Essentially where the NT release occurs

34
Q

Exocytosis

A

The process whereby the synaptic vesicles in the axon terminal release their molecule NT’s into the synapse

35
Q

Endocytosis

A

The recycling process where the vesicles are recaptured

36
Q

Clathrin

A

Mark vesicle membranes for recapturing

37
Q

Kiss and Run

A

The vesicle briefly touches and opens to the synapse releasing some on its NT

38
Q

Process of Exocytosis

A
  1. restraining the vesicles to the area above the active zone
  2. herding the available vesicles to the active zone
  3. docking the vesicles
  4. mediating exocytosis
  5. endocytosis
39
Q

Synapsins

A

Keep vesicles attached to filaments

Synaptobrevin - in vesicle
Synaptotagmin - in vesicle
Syntaxin - on membrane
SNAP-25 - on membrane

40
Q

Rab

A

Proteins that bring vesicles into the active zone

41
Q

Synaptobrevin

A

Binds to Syntaxin and SNAP-25

On the vesicle

Serves a receptor for clathrin

42
Q

Synaptic Plasticity

A

the process whereby neurotransmission can change its effectiveness

How the resulting PSP can vary (via Ca2+)

43
Q

Intrinsic synaptic plasticity

A

Potentiation?

44
Q

Potentiation?

A

Facilitation

the increase in size of a PSP resulting from the tetanus/tetanic stimulation

45
Q

Tetanus/tetanic stimulation

A

the high frequency firing of a neuron

46
Q

Post-tetanic potentiation

A

potentiation that persists after the tetenic stimulation

May last for hours or days

Likely due to accumulation Ca2+ in the terminal

Psych 421: The Neural Basis of Behavior (6 decks)

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