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LI Control of Human Movement > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

a F or Com S will occur

What happens if the COM moves outside the BOS?

A

A fall or compensatory step will occur

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2
Q

Inv P model

What model represents human standing?

A

Inverted pendulum model.

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3
Q

Continuously active C M

What provides torque during quiet stance?

A

Continuously active calf muscles.

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4
Q

Actively Osc to maintain COM within Stab Lim

What is the Centre of Pressure (COP)?

A

It actively oscillates to maintain the Centre of Mass (COM) within stability limits.

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5
Q

Due to Sens Est Imp, MO Imp and Ext/Int Pet

Why do we sway?

A

Due to sensory estimation imperfections, motor output imperfections, and external/internal perturbations.

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6
Q

Vis, V App, Pro, Tou

What sensory inputs help keep us upright?

A

Vision, vestibular apparatus, proprioception, and touch

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7
Q

Inc S

How does removing visual information affect sway?

A

It increases sway

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8
Q

False Sen of M induced by a moving Sce

What is visual vection?

A

A false sense of motion induced by a moving scene

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9
Q

Vis Res is Mod by Ex and Pri Ex

How does predictability affect visual response?

A

Visual response is modified by expectation and prior experience

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10
Q

Bal Ref are more effective with all S available

What is the effect of sensory removal on postural responses?

A

Balance reflexes are more effective with all senses available

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11
Q

Generate To around the An to prevent falling F

What is the role of calf muscles in standing?

A

They generate torque around the ankle to prevent falling forwards

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12
Q

Act Mod

Is passive ankle stiffness sufficient for balance?

A

No, active modulation is required

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13
Q

Alt P of swing

What is the swing-stance pattern in walking?

A

Alternating pattern of swing (flexors active) and stance (extensors active)

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14
Q

Large Ver F at heel strike, Dec shear F & Acc shear F at P-O

What forces are involved in walking?

A

Large vertical force at heel-strike, decelerating shear force, and accelerating shear force at push-off.

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15
Q

P of Tib Ant, often due to Pol, Str, Ner D

What causes foot drop?

A

Paralysis of the Tibialis Anterior muscle, often due to polio, stroke, or nerve damage

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16
Q

Walker that uses G to supply E, achieving H-L G with Pass Mech

What is a passive dynamic walker?

A

A walker that uses gravity to supply energy, achieving human-like gait with passive mechanisms.

17
Q

Braintsem R taht initiaties Loco and Det Sp

What is the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR)?

A

A brainstem region that initiates locomotion and determines speed

18
Q

Spinal N network that produces Loco MA patterns without Sens F

What is a Central Pattern Generator (CPG)?

A

A spinal neural network that produces locomotor muscle activation patterns without sensory feedback

19
Q

By Sens F, such as Pro Inf from HF

How can CPG be modulated?

A

By sensory feedback, such as proprioceptive information from hip flexors.

20
Q

Sacc and Res of eye Posduring VOR & OKR

What are the types of fast eye movements?

A

Saccades and resetting of eye position during VOR & OKR

21
Q

VOR, OKR, Sm Pur & Ver

What are the types of slow eye movements?

A

Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), optokinetic reflex (OKR), smooth pursuit, and vergence.

22
Q

Bring POI onto Fov

What is the function of saccades?

A

To bring the area of interest onto the fovea

23
Q

Reflex that R the eyes to Comp for H M, stabilizing the Vis Im

What is the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR)?

A

A reflex that rotates the eyes to compensate for head movement, stabilizing the visual image

24
Q

Vis driven Ref that stabilizes the Vis Im during slow M

What is the optokinetic reflex (OKR)?

A

A visually driven reflex that stabilizes the visual image during slow movements

25
Q

Tra of a moving Ob with the E

What is smooth pursuit?

A

The ability to track a moving object with the eyes

26
Q

Ability to D both E toward the same P

What is vergence?

A

The ability to direct both eyes toward the same point

27
Q

To prolong Ga Stab during Cont Rot

What is the purpose of the velocity storage mechanism?

A

To prolong gaze stabilization during continuous rotation

28
Q

Tunes G of sacc E M

What is the role of the cerebellum in saccades?

A

It tunes the gain of saccadic eye movements

29
Q

Scl C, Inf Ref, EOG, VOG

What are the methods of eye tracking?

A

Scleral coil, infrared reflectance, electro-oculography (EOG), and video-oculography (VOG)

30
Q

Make P Sacc to expected B P of the ball

How do batsmen use eye movements in cricket?

A

They make predictive saccades to the expected bounce point of the ball

31
Q

Vis Res is modified by Ex and Pri Ex

What is the effect of predictability on visual response?

A

Visual response is modified by expectation and prior experience

LI Control of Human Movement (9 decks)

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