Week 10

Question 1

Auto Res to a change in Env, Ini by a Stim applied to Per Rec

What is a reflex?

Answer 1

An automatic response to a change in the environment, initiated by a stimulus applied to peripheral receptors

Question 2

A SensM loop evoked by a Ten tap, relying on Int Sens Aff feedback

What is the stretch reflex?

Answer 2

A sensorimotor loop evoked by tendon tap, relying on intact sensory afferent feedback.

Question 3

Changes in M L and R of Ch during Cont

What do muscle spindles detect?

Answer 3

Changes in muscle length and rate of change during contraction.

Question 4

Supp of Ant M during Cont of Ag M

What is reciprocal inhibition?

Answer 4

The suppression of antagonist muscles during the contraction of agonist muscles.

Question 5

M1, M2

What are the components of the stretch reflex EMG response?

Answer 5

M1 (monosynaptic reflex) and M2 (transcortical loop).

Question 6

Increase in Ref gain due to L of descending Inp from the B

What is hyperreflexia?

Answer 6

An increase in reflex gain due to loss of descending input from the brain.

Question 7

Decrease M tone and Spa by inhibiting Spi Dor horn activity

What is intrathecal baclofen used for?

Answer 7

To decrease muscle tone and spasms by inhibiting spinal dorsal horn activity

Question 8

Maintain acc of Mov and correct small Dev from Int Mov

What is the purpose of the stretch reflex?

Answer 8

To maintain accuracy of movement and correct small deviations from intended movement

Question 9

A muscle Cont evoked by activation of T 1a Sens Ner, studies M Lear

What is the Hoffman reflex (H-reflex)?

Answer 9

A muscle contraction evoked by activation of type Ia sensory nerves, used to study motor learning.

Question 10

Switches from Inh M A at rest to increasing Ext M A during stance

How does the Golgi tendon organ (GTO) reflex adapt during locomotion?

Answer 10

It switches from inhibiting muscle activity at rest to increasing extensor muscle activity during stance

Question 11

Contributes to transition between Sta and Swi phases by giving Pos/Neg F

What is the role of the GTO reflex in gait?

Answer 11

It contributes to the transition between stance and swing phases by providing positive feedback during stance and negative feedback during swing

Question 12

Ar

What does lower case “a” (e.g., PaCO2) represent?

Answer 12

Arterial

Question 13

Al

What does upper case “A” (e.g., PACO2) represent?

Answer 13

Alveolar

Question 14

Vol

What does upper case “V” (e.g., VA) represent?

Answer 14

Volume

Question 15

Ra/Fl

What does a small dot above a symbol (e.g., ሶVA) indicate?

Answer 15

Rate or flow

Question 16

Cen Con, Eff, Sens

What are the three basic elements of the respiratory control system?

Answer 16

Central controller, effectors (respiratory muscles), sensors

Question 17

Ar CO2 Pr

What is the primary regulated variable in breathing?

Answer 17

Arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2)

Question 18

Generates Insp Rhy

What is the function of the pre-Bötzinger complex?

Answer 18

Generates inspiratory rhythm

Question 19

Controls Insp & Exp Mu

What is the role of the ventral respiratory group (VRG)?

Answer 19

Controls inspiratory and expiratory muscles

Question 20

Integrates SensM information for Insp

What is the role of the dorsal respiratory group (DRG)?

Answer 20

Integrates sensorimotor information for inspiration

Question 21

Inhibits Insp and Prol Exp

What is the function of the pontine respiratory group (PRG)?

Answer 21

Inhibits inspiration and prolongs expiration

Question 22

Allows Vol Control and can override Auto Pro

How does the cortex influence breathing?

Answer 22

Allows voluntary control and can override automatic processes.

Question 23

Persistent C in the Neu Con S based on experience

What is respiratory neuroplasticity?

Answer 23

Persistent change in the neural control system based on experience