Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomed P2 > Week 9 > Flashcards

Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three major mechanisms of acid-base balance?

A
  • Buffering systems
  • Exhalation of CO2
  • Modulation of H+ and HCO3- in the kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What role do buffering systems play in acid-base balance?

A

They help maintain the pH of body fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is maintaining optimum pH crucial?

A

To prevent denaturing of proteins and loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What happens to protein structure when there is a large increase or decrease in H+ concentration?

A

Disruption of bonding mechanisms leads to protein unfolding and denaturing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are acids defined as in terms of hydrogen ions?

A

Hydrogen ion (proton) donors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the pH scale range?

A

From 0 (extremely acidic) to 14 (extremely basic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the pH at which a solution contains 0.0000001 mol/L of hydrogen ions?

A

pH 7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the two types of protein buffer systems mentioned?

A
  • Hemoglobin in RBCs
  • Albumin in plasma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two ions involved in the phosphate buffer system?

A
  • Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4-)
  • Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of dihydrogen phosphate in the phosphate buffer system?

A

It functions as a weak acid and buffers hydroxide ions (OH-) by donating a H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does monohydrogen phosphate act in the phosphate buffer system?

A

It acts as a weak base and binds H+ in solution to form dihydrogen phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the limitations of the buffering systems?

A

They are rapid in action but temporary in nature and have limited capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the role of the renal system in acid-base balance?

A

It can secrete hydrogen ions to reduce acidity, maintaining blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What ions are involved in the renal secretion of H+?

A
  • Bicarbonate ions
  • Ammonia (NH3)
  • Monohydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2-)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

True or False: Acids reduce the concentration of H+ in a solution.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fill in the blank: Bases are H+ _______.

A

acceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the effect of increased acidity on proteins?

A

Causes denaturing of proteins and loss of function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens at pH 5 compared to pH 6?

A

pH 5 contains 10 times more H+ and is 10x more acidic than pH 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the dissociation of hydrochloric acid (HCl)?

A

HCl dissociates to H+ and Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of bicarbonate in the proximal tubule?

A

It is involved in the secretion of H+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the consequences of protein denaturation?

A

Alters protein shape and reduces function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of minerals in biochemical reactions?

A

Minerals can be part of enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions

Minerals are essential for various physiological processes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name two important functions of minerals.

A
  • Play an important part in immunity
  • Essential for muscle contraction and cell activation

Minerals are vital for overall health and physiological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How are minerals classified based on daily requirements?

A
  • MacroMinerals: > 100 mg per day
  • Microminerals: < 100 mg per day

This classification helps in understanding dietary needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Calcium

Calcium plays a crucial role in bone health and various bodily functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What percentage of calcium in the body is found in bones?

A

Around 96%

Calcium combines with phosphate to form the inorganic component of bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

In what forms is calcium present in the blood?

A
  • Free calcium
  • Bound to plasma proteins

These forms are important for various physiological functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the daily requirement of calcium?

A

1000 mg per day

Adequate calcium intake is essential for maintaining bone density

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What do calcium and phosphate ions form in the body?

A

A lattice structure

This structure is crucial for the extracellular matrix of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is the role of calcium in neurotransmitter release?

A

Triggers exocytosis of synaptic vesicles containing neurotransmitter

Calcium enters the axon terminal to facilitate this process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Name a function of calcium related to muscle activity.

A

Role in muscle contraction

Calcium is essential for initiating muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Factor IV in blood clotting?

A

Calcium

Calcium is crucial in the blood clotting cascade

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What does thrombin do in the clotting process?

A

Converts fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin

This forms a network that stabilizes the blood clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What substance prevents blood clotting?

A

EDTA

EDTA is commonly used in laboratory settings to prevent clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What percentage of phosphate in the body is combined with and used in bones?

A

85%

The remaining 15% exists as ions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

List the ions that make up the remaining 15% of phosphate.

A
  • Не рОй-
  • Н РОц -
  • PO,3-

These ions are important for various physiological functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is one of the functions of phosphate ions in the body?

A

Function as buffers

Buffers help maintain pH levels in biological systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What are most ions in the body bound to?

A
  • Lipids (phospholipids)
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Nucleic acids
  • ATP

These bindings are crucial for cellular functions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the relationship between calcium and phosphate in the human body?

A

They have a close association

Bones act as a reservoir for calcium and phosphate.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Which hormones are involved in the regulation of calcium and phosphate?

A
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Calcitriol
  • Calcitonin

These hormones play key roles in maintaining calcium and phosphate levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone?

A

Low blood calcium levels

Parathyroid hormone helps to increase blood calcium levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What effect does parathyroid hormone have on osteoclasts?

A

Stimulates osteoclasts to increase resorption of bone

This process releases calcium and phosphate ions from the bone matrix.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Fill in the blank: The bones provide a bank where calcium and phosphate can be _______.

A

deposited

This storage is essential for maintaining mineral balance in the body.

44
Q

What effect does PTH have on phosphate reabsorption?

A

PTH reduces phosphate reabsorption in the proximal tubule, leading to increased phosphate excretion in urine.

45
Q

How does PTH influence calcitriol production?

A

PTH increases calcitriol production, which enhances both calcium and phosphate absorption in the gut.

46
Q

What is the primary function of calcitonin?

A

Calcitonin acts to decrease calcium levels in the blood by reducing the activity of osteoclasts and decreasing gut absorption of calcium.

47
Q

Where is sulphur primarily found?

A

Sulphur is found in oxidized form as sulphate (SO4^2-), in plants, water, and in the amino acids methionine and cysteine.

48
Q

Which B vitamins are associated with sulphur?

A

Sulphur is associated with B1, B3, and B7.

49
Q

What are sulphites used for?

A

Sulphites are used in food and beverage preservation to prevent oxidation.

50
Q

What percentage of the body’s total magnesium is found in bone matrix?

A

Around 50-60% of the body’s total magnesium is found in bone matrix as magnesium salts.

51
Q

What are the major metabolic roles of magnesium?

A

Magnesium has major metabolic roles in the production of DNA, nerve function, and acts as a cofactor in enzymes.

52
Q

How does magnesium facilitate nerve conduction?

A

Magnesium facilitates nerve conduction via NMDA receptors.

53
Q

What functions does magnesium support in the body?

A

Magnesium supports muscle contraction, normal heart rhythm, and modulates insulin secretion and intracellular signaling.

54
Q

Fill in the blank: PTH increases calcitriol production, which enhances both calcium and _______ absorption in the gut.

A

phosphate

55
Q

True or False: Calcitonin increases calcium levels in the blood.

A

False

56
Q

What percentage of iron is found in haemoglobin?

A

65%

Haemoglobin is the protein in red blood cells responsible for transporting oxygen.

57
Q

What percentage of iron is found in myoglobin?

A

15%

Myoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in muscle cells.

58
Q

What is the form in which 20% of iron is stored in tissues?

A

Haemosiderin

Haemosiderin is an intracellular, insoluble form of stored iron.

59
Q

Why is free iron considered dangerous?

A

It catalyses the formation of free radicals

Free radicals can cause oxidative damage to cells.

60
Q

How is iron regulated in the body?

A

Iron is not regulated by secretion

The body primarily regulates iron levels through absorption and storage.

61
Q

What condition results from too little iron?

A

Anaemia

Anaemia is a condition characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells or hemoglobin.

62
Q

What condition can arise from too much iron absorption in the digestive system?

A

Haemochromatosis

Haemochromatosis is a disorder where excess iron builds up in the body, potentially leading to organ damage.

63
Q

What is the primary solvent in the body?

A

Water

Water is the largest component of the body, making up 40-75% of total mass.

64
Q

What are the main roles of water in the body?

A
  • Medium for biochemical reactions
  • Excellent solvent due to polarity
  • High heat capacity aiding thermoregulation

Disruptions to water balance can lead to dehydration or overhydration.

65
Q

What percentage of fluids do lean adults contain?

A

55 - 60%

These fluids are divided into intracellular and extracellular compartments.

66
Q

What are the two main compartments of body fluids?

A
  • Intracellular fluid (ICF) - 33% of total fluid
  • Extracellular fluid (ECF) - 13% of total fluid

ECF consists of 80% interstitial fluid and 20% plasma.

67
Q

What is the main characteristic of fluid balance in the body?

A

Fluid is separated by either cell membranes or blood vessel walls

Fluid can pass through cell membranes and capillaries.

68
Q

What does fluid balance rely on?

A

The ratio of water molecules to solutes

Many solutes are electrolytes that dissociate into ions.

69
Q

What happens to water in relation to solute concentration?

A

Water will move to an area of higher solute concentration

This process is known as osmosis.

70
Q

How can water be retained in a specific location in the body?

A

By maintaining solute concentration

Different solutes are present in ICF and ECF.

71
Q

Which organ tightly controls the solute concentration of water?

A

Kidneys

This is achieved through reabsorption or secretion of solutes.

72
Q

What is the primary function of diuretics?

A

Increase the production of urine

Diuretics stimulate diuresis.

73
Q

Name three xanthines that have diuretic properties.

A
  • Caffeine
  • Theophylline
  • Theobromine

Xanthines inhibit Na+ reabsorption and promote water loss.

74
Q

How does alcohol affect water resorption?

A

Inhibits ADH secretion, reduces water resorption

Alcohol increases water loss.

75
Q

What triggers the release of renin in the kidneys?

A

Loss of water detected by baroreceptors

This is part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS).

76
Q

What are the main extracellular solutes that regulate body fluid volume?

A
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Chloride (Cl-)

Their regulation is crucial for maintaining fluid balance.

77
Q

What happens to fluid volume and blood pressure with increased sodium consumption?

A

Higher fluid volume and blood pressure

Increased Na+ leads to more water retention due to osmosis.

78
Q

What is the relationship between sodium excretion and water loss?

A

The more Na+ we excrete, the more water we lose

This occurs due to osmosis.

79
Q

Which hormones dictate sodium concentration in the body?

A
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide

These hormones regulate Na+ reabsorption.

80
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on sodium reabsorption?

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption

This helps to retain fluid and maintain blood pressure.

81
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in sodium regulation?

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption

Aldosterone is crucial for maintaining sodium balance.

82
Q

What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on sodium reabsorption?

A

Reduces Na+ reabsorption

This hormone promotes the excretion of sodium.

83
Q

What is the primary function of diuretics?

A

Increase the production of urine

Diuretics stimulate diuresis.

84
Q

Name three xanthines that have diuretic properties.

A
  • Caffeine
  • Theophylline
  • Theobromine

Xanthines inhibit Na+ reabsorption and promote water loss.

85
Q

How does alcohol affect water resorption?

A

Inhibits ADH secretion, reduces water resorption

Alcohol increases water loss.

86
Q

What triggers the release of renin in the kidneys?

A

Loss of water detected by baroreceptors

This is part of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system (RAAS).

87
Q

What are the main extracellular solutes that regulate body fluid volume?

A
  • Sodium (Na+)
  • Chloride (Cl-)

Their regulation is crucial for maintaining fluid balance.

88
Q

What happens to fluid volume and blood pressure with increased sodium consumption?

A

Higher fluid volume and blood pressure

Increased Na+ leads to more water retention due to osmosis.

89
Q

What is the relationship between sodium excretion and water loss?

A

The more Na+ we excrete, the more water we lose

This occurs due to osmosis.

90
Q

Which hormones dictate sodium concentration in the body?

A
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
  • Atrial natriuretic peptide

These hormones regulate Na+ reabsorption.

91
Q

What effect does angiotensin II have on sodium reabsorption?

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption

This helps to retain fluid and maintain blood pressure.

92
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in sodium regulation?

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption

Aldosterone is crucial for maintaining sodium balance.

93
Q

What effect does atrial natriuretic peptide have on sodium reabsorption?

A

Reduces Na+ reabsorption

This hormone promotes the excretion of sodium.

94
Q

What is the primary regulator of water reabsorption?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

ADH is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland.

95
Q

What role do aquaporins play in the kidneys?

A

They promote the insertion of water channels in collecting ducts

Aquaporins facilitate water reabsorption.

96
Q

How does antidiuretic hormone affect sweat loss?

A

Reduces water lost in sweat

ADH also acts as a vasoconstrictor.

97
Q

What happens to urine composition when fluid and solute intake varies?

A

We maintain a stable fluid/solute concentration

Urine is generally more dilute than body fluids.

98
Q

What is the typical osmolality of urine compared to body fluids?

A

Urine has a lower solute concentration than body fluids

This is due to a higher intake of water.

99
Q

What occurs when a person is overhydrated?

A

Produces larger volumes of dilute urine

This helps excrete the excess water.

100
Q

What occurs when a person is dehydrated?

A

Conserves much of the water content

The body retains water to maintain homeostasis.

101
Q

What is the osmolality of blood when filtered in the glomerulus?

A

300 mOsm/kg

The filtrate has the same ratio of water to solutes as the blood.

102
Q

Where is the osmolality lowest in the kidney?

A

In the renal cortex

The osmolality here is approximately 300 mOsm/kg.

103
Q

How does osmolality change in the kidney?

A

It becomes greater towards the inner medullary region

The osmolality can reach up to 1200 mOsm/kg.

104
Q

What is the significance of the nephron loop in osmolality?

A

It has the biggest difference in osmolality

This affects water reabsorption across tubular cells.

105
Q

Fill in the blank: The osmolality of tubular fluid in the kidneys varies, with the biggest difference in the _______.

A

nephron loop

106
Q

True or False: The interstitial fluid osmolality in the kidney is the same throughout.

A

False

Osmolality varies depending on location within the kidney.

Biomed P2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions