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Biomed P2 > Week 4 > Flashcards

Week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What happens during alveolar ventilation

A

During inhalation, not all alveoli are ventilated equally. Alveoli at base receive most, apex receive least (50% difference)

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2
Q

Where is the weight of fluid in the plural cavity the greatest?

A

Base of lung (due to gravity)

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3
Q

Where are the alveoli with the highest compliance?

A

At the base (due to increased intrapleural pressure resulting from weight of fluid in the pleural cavity). These alveoli also are less expanded so they can be filled with more air.

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4
Q

What are the elements of the respiratory zone?

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts- Controls the flow of air to the alveoli
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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5
Q

Where is the greatest perfusion in the lungs

A

At the base. Gravity results in more blood flowing to the lower sections of the lung

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6
Q

What does the ventilation to perfusion ratio tell us and what is its general equation.

A

It tells us whether there are any areas of imbalance with either ventilation or perfusion within the lungs.
V/Q where V= ventilation, Q= perfusion

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7
Q

In a healthy individual, what are the normal ranges for V/Q ratios

A

In middle of lung: 1 because ventilation and perfusion are the same
At base of lung: 0.3 greater perfusion
At apex: 2.1 where ventilation is greater

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8
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

High pressure system
Vascular resistance regulates blood flow

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9
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Low pressure system
Parallel pathways to blood flow
Low vascular resistance

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10
Q

Restrictive Pulmonary disorders

A

Pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary oedema

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11
Q

Obstructive Pulmonary disorders

A

Asthma, chronic bronchitis, emphysema

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12
Q

Pathology of pulmonary fibrosis

A

Scarring of lung tissue
Reduces lung compliance
Inhibits oxygen diffusion
Caused by: autoimmune, TB, asbestosis

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13
Q

Pathology of pulmonary oedema

A

Most commonly caused by heart problems: Congestive heart failure (Left ventricle of left AV valve dysfunction causing blood to back up into pulmonary vessels which forces fluid to pool in alveoli), Hypertensive episode ( increased after load inhibiting. Left ventricle SV)

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14
Q

Asthma pathology

A

Asthma is associated with chronic inflammation of the bronchial tubes. Characterised by bronchospasms, increased mucus secretion, and airway obstruction

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15
Q

Chronic bronchitis pathology

A

Inflammatory condition resulting in:
Excess thick mucus secretion
Loss of ciliary function
Increased risk of infection

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16
Q

Emphysema pathology

A

Causes the loss of alveolar walls
Results in:
Large air spaces that remain full of air after exhalation which prevents new oxygen rich air from entering the lungs

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17
Q

Air flow equation

A

Flow= pressure gradient/ resistance

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18
Q

Modulators of airway diameter

A

Muscarinic receptors (bind acetylcholine- causes bronchoconstricition)
B adrenergic receptors (bind epinephrine - causes bronchodilation)

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19
Q

Effect of acidosis

A

Depression of CNS - loss of synaptic transmission

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20
Q

Effect of alkalosis

A

Causes overexcitement of CNS and PNS - nervousness, muscle spasms, convulsions

21
Q

Respiratory Acidosis

A

Results from high carbon dioxide concentration. Failure to maintain adequate alveolar ventilation and/or perfusion to remove carbon dioxide.
Causes: lung diseases

22
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Too much acid is produced by working cells. Failure of the kidneys to remove hydrogen ions.
Causes:
Ketoacidosis
Lactic acidosis
Severe diarrhoea resulting in loss of bicarbonate ions

23
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

A decrease in carbon dioxide resulting in decreased production of carbonic acid.
Causes:
Hyperventilation
Anxiety
Altitude changes

24
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

High systemic blood concentration of hydrogen carbonate ions. These bind to readily free hydrogen ions neutralising them and decreasing pH
Causes:
Extreme vomiting

25
Q

Three mechanisms of regulating pH

A

Buffering systems
Removal of carbon dioxide
Excretion of hydrogen ions by the kidneys

26
Q

How do buffering systems work to regulate pH?

A

Work by neutralising acid or base- but does not remove hydrogen ions

27
Q

How does removal of carbon dioxide regulate pH

A

Increasing pulmonary ventilation rate and depth to remove excess carbon dioxide

28
Q

What physiological changes are made to respond to exercise

A

Pulmonary ventilation and perfusion increases
Vasodilation occurs in working muscles to increase blood flow
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide and oxygen drive diffusion in both external and internal respiration

29
Q

Response to exercise - ventilation

A

Anticipation is driven by limbic system, increasing rate and depth
Breathing pattern dependent on feedback from chemoreceptors determining intensity and appropriate physiological changes, e.g. PO2, PCO2
Increased pulmonary perfusion

30
Q

How does ageing affect the respiratory system

A

Elasticity is lost from airways down to alveoli
Alveoli become baggy
Chest wall becomes more rigid
Results in loss of vital capacity of 35%
Loss of bronchial tube ciliary function and reduction in alveolar macrophages

31
Q

Catabolism

A

Catabolic processes break down complex molecules to simple ones
Generally exergonic - Release more energy than they consume

32
Q

Anabolism

A

Anabolic processes build larger structures from simple one
Endergonic- consume energy

33
Q

Metabolic reactions

A

Balanced between catabolic and anabolic

34
Q

In what 3 ways does oxidation occur?

A

The addition of oxygen
Removal of electrons
Removal of hydrogen
Usually exergonic (releases energy)
Reduction occurs in the opposite way.

35
Q

How are NAD and FAD used to produce ATP

A

They are oxidised and the released hydrogen and electrons are then used to produce ATP

36
Q

NAD redox state

A

Oxidised NAD (NAD+) is reduced to NADH+ H-. Therefore, NAD gains a hydride ion

37
Q

FAD Redox states

A

Oxidised FAD is reduced to FADH2

38
Q

How is Glucose Used in the body?

A

Formation of ATP
Formation of Amino Acids
Formation of glycogen
Synthesis of triglycerides by the liver

39
Q

Glucose Catabolism

A

Glucose must first be phosphorylated once inside the cell(to prevent it from leaving).
Glucose catabolism must then proceed:
-glycolysis
-Formation of acetyl coenzyme A
- Krebs Cycle reactions
-Electron transport chain reaction

40
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

2 molecules of ATP
2x pyruvic acid
2x molecules of reduced NAD (NADH)

41
Q

Acetyl coenzyme A Formation and its products

A

Intermediate stage that oxidises pyruvic acid.
It produces:
1x CO2
1x molecule of reduced NADH+ H+
1x molecule of acetyl coenzyme A

42
Q

The Krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is oxidised
Products:
NADH
FADH2
ATP (little)
CO2

43
Q

Important structures in the electron transport chain

A

Oxygen
Electron carriers (protein complexes I-IV)
Coenzyme Q10
Cytochrome C Complex

44
Q

For every NADH molecule, what protein complexes pump out how many protons

A

Complex I - 4
Complex III - 4
Complex IV - 2

45
Q

For every FADH2 molecule, what protein complexes pump out how many protons

A

Complex III - 4
Complex IV - 2

46
Q

How does FADH2 work in the electron transport chain?

A

It is oxidised and donates 2 electrons to COMPLEX II.
It is passed to coenzyme Q10 and then to III and IV

47
Q

How does NADH work in the electron transport chain?

A

Is oxidised and then donates 2 electrons to COMPLEX I

48
Q

How many ATP are there in a singular cell

A

1 billion

Biomed P2 (11 decks)

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