Week 9 Flashcards
Gross Motor Skills
Require the use of large musculature to achieve the goal of the skill
Fine Motor Skills
Require the use of small musculature to achieve the goal of the skill
Manipulation
Maintaining/changing position of moveable objects
Bimanual Coordination Skills
Motor skill that require simultaneous use of two arms
Discrete Motor Skills
Specified beginning and end points, usually require a simple movement
Serial Motor Skills
Involve a continuous series of discrete skills
Continuous Motor Skills
No recognizable beginning or end points; usually involve repetitive uninterrupted movements
Body Stability
Maintaining base of support in one position
Body Mobility/Transport
Changing the location of the base of support
Closed Motor Skills/Environment
Stationary support surface, object and/or other people/animals
The performer determines when to begin the action
Open Motor Skills/Environment
Involves a supporting surface, object, and/or other people/animal in motion
Environmental feature determine when to begin the action
Reflex Theory
Sir Charles Sherrington
Complex behavior explained through combined action of individual reflexes chained together
Hierarchial Theory
Organizational control is top down; each successively higher level exerts control over level below it. Vertical.
Dynamic Systems Theory
Emphasis on environmental information, mechanical and dynamic properties of the body/limbs.
Behavior organized by interactions among task, environment and individual
Motor Programming Theory
Central motor program / central pattern generator
Memory-based mechanism that controls coordinated movement
Ecological Theory
The perception/action system actively explores the environment to satisfy its goals
Environmental properties in relationship to self
Action/movement depends on individual constraints and how well we fit with environment
Motor Performance
-Observable behavior
-Temporary
-May not be due to practice
-May be influenced by performance variables
Motor Learning
-Inferred from performance
-relatively permanent
-due to practice
-not influenced by performance variables
-(re)acquisition or modification of motor skills
Characteristics of Motor Skill Learning
-Improvement over time
-Consistency
-Stability
-Persistence
-Adaptability
-Reduction in attentional demand
Retention
Test a practiced skill performed following an interval of time after practice has ceased
Positive Transfer
Beneficial effect of prior learning on learning of a new skill or performance of a skill in a new context
Negative Transfer
Negative effect of prior learning on learning of a new skill or performance of a skill in a new context
Spatial Accuracy
Accuracy is required of aiming movements for which spatial position of the movement’s end point is important to task performance
Temporal Accuracy
Accuracy of timing the movement - when the movement should be executed is important to task performance
Motor Development
Motor learning and control issues from the perspective of the relationship to human development from infancy to old age