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Motor Control Motor Learning > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Postural Stability

A

ability to control center of mass in relationship to base of support

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2
Q

Postural Orientation

A

ability to maintain relationship between body segments and between body and environment for a task

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3
Q

Adaptive Strategies

A

Changes with demands of task and environment

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4
Q

Anticipatory Strategies

A

“Pre-tune” sensory and motor systems based on prior learning

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5
Q

Cognitive “Override”

A

Utilizing motivation, intent and attention to perform a task

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6
Q

Vestibular Ocular Reflex (VOR)

A

stabilizes gaze during head movement

1:1 head:eye movement

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7
Q

Vestibulospinal Reflexes (VSR)

A

Coordinates head and body movements to maintain head in upright position

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8
Q

Tonic Neck Reflexes

A

ATNR (rotation) & STNR (extension/flexion)

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9
Q

Medial Vestibulo-spinal Tract

A

-Cervical Connections
-Head Righting

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10
Q

Lateral Vestibulo-spinal Tract

A

Adjust limb movement for balance (chicken head)

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11
Q

Postural Control Responses (3)

A

Ankle
Hip
Stepping

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12
Q

Steady State Balance (Degrees of Sway)

A

Anterior 8*
Posterior 4*
Lateral 6-8*

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13
Q

Reactive Balance

A

Occurs in response to sensory feedback from an external perturbation, requires feedback control

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14
Q

Proactive Balance

A

Postural adjustments are made in anticipation of voluntary movement, requires feedforward control

aka anticipatory balance

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15
Q

Practical Definition of a Fall

A

Unintended contact with a supporting surface (walls/counters/ground)

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16
Q

Activities of Balance Confidence (ABC)

A

16 items scored 0 to 100% confident in not loosing balance

50-80% = somewhat impaired
<50% = likely homebound

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17
Q

Fall Efficacy Scale (FES)

A

10 items scored 1 to 10 confident in completing (reverse, 1 = high)

> 70 indicates person has fear of falling
80 indicates increased risk of falling

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18
Q

Reach Testing

A
  • Functional Reach Test
  • Multidirectional Reach Test
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19
Q

Sit to Stand

A
  • How many completed in 30 seconds
  • 5x Sit to Stand (15sec cutoff to predict recurrent fallers)
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20
Q

Timed Up and Go

A

> 30 seconds = needs assistance
<20 seconds - independently mobile for ADLs
12 seconds = at risk for falls

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21
Q

Berg Balance Scale

A

Scoring 0 - 56
Norms:
60-69y/o = 55
70-79y/o = 53-54
80-89y/o = 50-53

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22
Q

Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA)

A

Balance & Gait Assessment
<19 high fall risk
19-24 medium fall risk
25-28 low fall risk

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23
Q

4 Square Step Test (FSST)

A

> 15 seconds (older adults) = at risk for multiple falls
24 seconds (stroke) = at risk for falls

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24
Q

Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction in Balance (CTSIB)

A

6 sensory conditions
- firm vs foam surface
- eyes open, eyes closed, visual conflict dome

Scored subjectively 1 (minimal sway) to 4 (fall)

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25
Q

Sensory Organization Test (SOT)

A

Computerized version of CTSIB

26
Q

Function in Sitting Test (FIST)

A

14 items with scale 0-4 (level of assistance)

27
Q

Dual Task Taxonomy

A

The concurrent performance of two tasks that can be performed independently and have distinct and separate goals

28
Q

Novelty

A

Performer Characteristic

29
Q

Complexity

A

Task Characteristic

30
Q

Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE)

A

Total score = 30
High is good, low is cognitive impairment

Often used with people with demensia

31
Q

Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MOCA)

A

Total score = 30
High is good, low is cognitive impairment

32
Q

Mini-BEST

A

14 items, scored 0, 1, 2

scoring worst side = max 28 points
scoring both sides = max 32 points

<22 balance deficits
<20 recurrent fallers

33
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Anticipatory Postural Control

A

Ability to shift the COM before a voluntary movement

34
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Cognitive Influences

A

Ability to maintain stability while responding to commands during the task or attend to additional tasks

35
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Dynamic Stability

A

Ability to exert ongoing control of COM when the BOS is changing

36
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Limits of Stability

A

Ability to move the COM as far as possible in the anterior-posterior or medio-lateral directions within the BOS

37
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Reactive Postural Control

A

Ability to recover stability after an external perturbation to bring the COM within the BOS through corrective movements

38
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Sensory Integration

A

Ability to combine and/or re-weight sensory information for balance

39
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Static Stability

A

Ability to maintain position of the COM in unsupported stance when the BOS does not change

40
Q

Modified Systems Framework for Postural Control: Verticality

A

Ability to orient appropriately with respect to gravity, support surface and visual surround

41
Q

3 Meter Backwards Walk Test

A

<3 sec = 75% did not report fall
<4.5 sec = 94% did not report fall
>4.5 sec = 81% DID report fall

42
Q

Cognition

A

The ability to process, sort, retrieve and manipulate information

43
Q

7 Domains of Cognition

A
  • Executive Function
  • Problem Solving
  • Mental Flexibility
  • Memory
  • Processing Speed
  • Intelligence
  • Communication & Language
44
Q

3 Factors affecting Cognition

A

1 - Arousal / Awareness
2 - Orientation
3 - Attention

45
Q

Stroop Test

A
  • Word and ink color the same
  • Word is different than its color
46
Q

Long Term Memory - Procedural

A

Stores information about “how to do” specific activities

47
Q

Long Term Memory - Semantic

A

Stores our general knowledge about the world based upon experiences

48
Q

Long Term Memory - Episodic

A

Stores our knowledge about personally experienced events

49
Q

Attention

A

Preparation for and performance of motor skills are influenced by our limited capacity to select and attend to information

50
Q

Focused Attention

A

Focus on and respond to a specific stimulus

51
Q

Sustained Attention

A

Sustain or keep attention over a period of time

52
Q

Selective Attention

A

Focus attention in the presence of distracting stimuli (tune out specific things)

53
Q

Alternating Focus

A

Shift focus of attention from one task to another

54
Q

Divided Attention

A

Respond simultaneously to multiple tasks

55
Q

Is the movement end-point location remembered better than movement distance?

A

Yes, end location is easier set into memory

56
Q

Internal Focus

A

Internal sources of FB

“How” does it feel to perform the movement?

57
Q

External Focus

A

External sources of FB

Environmental cues

Expected movement outcomes

58
Q

Does internal focus benefit the novice or skilled performer better?

A

Novice

59
Q

Does external focus benefit the novice or skilled performer more?

A

Skilled Performer

60
Q

Mental Practice vs. Physical Practice

A

1 - Physical + Mental Practice

2 - Physical Practice Only
3 - Mental Practice Only
4 - No Practice

61
Q

Mental Practice

A

Cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements

  • EMG recordings show muscle activity during MP
  • Brain activity during imagery is similar to activity during actual performance
  • Helps learner answer “what to do” questions (cognitive stage)

Motor Control Motor Learning (5 decks)

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