Week 9

Question 1

Four D’s

Answer 1

Disorder
Disease
Disability
Difference

Question 2

Disorder

Answer 2

patterns of behaviour or psychological symptoms that impact multiple areas of life
neurodevelopmental disorder: result of factors that affect typical growth or development of brain + NS

Question 3

Disease

Answer 3

particular distinctive process in the body with a specific cause and characteristic symptoms
not applied to neurodevelopment or psychiatric conditions

Question 4

Disability

Answer 4

CDC: any condition of the body or mind (impairment) that makes it more difficult for the person with the condition to do certain activities

Question 5

Difference/neurodivergence

Answer 5

neurological or cognitive differences are to be recognised and respected as any other human variation
challenges assumption that neurodevelopmental conditions are medical disorders that always need to be prevented, treated or cured

Question 6

Mental illness

Answer 6

health problem significantly affecting how a person feels, thinks, behaves and interacts with other people

Question 7

Neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 7

Set of behaviours arising as a result of factors affecting typical growth or brain/NS development
first seen in infancy or early childhood
assumed to be stable over time (life long)

Question 8

Neurodevelopment disorders result from

Answer 8

intrauterine environment
extrauterine environment
genetics

Question 9

commonly used tools for diagnosis of neurodevelopmental disorders

Answer 9

presenting concerns
developmental history
cognitive assessment
speech and language assessment
parent or teacher questionnaires
adaptive behaviour questionnaires (level of disability/impairment)

Question 10

ASD social communication/interaction impairments

Answer 10

verbal language
non verbal language
social interaction

Question 11

ASD restricted/stereotyped behaviours and interests

Answer 11

mannerisms
restricted interests
complex behaviours and routines

Question 12

ASD non-diagnostic features

Answer 12

sensory features
motor features
GI

Question 13

Differentiate ASD from

Answer 13

global developmental delay
trauma
ADHD

Question 14

ASD diagnosis symptom criteria

Answer 14

deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts
restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests or activities
symptoms must be present in early developmental period
combination of symptoms significantly impair daily functioning

Question 15

ADHD diagnosis

Answer 15

on two criteria: hyperactivity and inattention

Question 16

ADHD treatment and support

Answer 16

behavioural therapies: parenting strategies; social strategies; skill development; anxiety management
Medication: sleep disturbance (melatonin); hyperactivity/inattention (stimulants), anxiety medication, aggression and irritability (risperidone)
speech pathology
occupational therapy: fine and gross motor

Question 17

Heterogeneity in research protocols

Answer 17

usually case vs control design
may not measure comorbidities as part of design
may exclude children with comorbidities
focus only on one or two aspects of cognitions

Question 18

RDoC

Answer 18

bottom up
genetics (genetic variation)
neurobiology (connections, receptors, neurotransmitters; biological systems)
environment (neural modules)
behaviours and symptoms (domains of psycho-pathology)
diagnosis (clinical syndromes)

Question 19

HiTOP

Answer 19

top down
super spectra: higher order demensions
spectra: somatoform; internalising; thought disorder; disinhibited/externalising; antagonistic/externalising; detachment
subfactors: sexual problems, eating pathology, fear, distress, mania, substance abuse, antisocial behaviour
syndromes/disorders: diagnoses
components: symptom components and maladaptive traits
symptoms: signs and symptoms