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Clin Sci IMS, Respiratory, Renal, Cardiovascular, Nutrition & Energy > Week 8 - Tissue Systems & Histology > Flashcards

Week 8 - Tissue Systems & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the respiratory system

A
  • Supplies body with oxygen and removes CO2
  • Goblet cells and cilia o the trachea remove foreign particles
  • Large surface area for gas exchange created by the bronchi - bronchioles to then form the alveoli
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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inhalation and Expiration

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3
Q

Describe Breathing

A
  • Involuntary and voluntary control

Voluntary = cortical control - input from cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Describe regulation of breathing

A

Trachea, bronchial tree and lungs are innervated by autonomic nervous system
- Respiratory control centre located in the brainstem within the reticular formation through medulla oblongata and the pons

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5
Q

What are the reticular formation and the pons in the brainstem?

A

Reticular formation = interconnected nuclei localised in brainstem
Pons = largest part of brainstem above medulla oblongata and below mid brain - group of nerves connecting between cerebrum and cerebellum - acts as a bridge

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6
Q

What are there DRG and VRG?

A

Dorsal respirator group - influencing diaphragm which is the primary respiratory muscle
VRG- ventral respiratory group controlling expiration

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7
Q

What is the Hering Breuer reflex? (Inflation)

A

Prevent over inflation or excessive deflation of lungs controlled by two reflexes - inflation reflex and deflation reflex

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8
Q

Describe the inflation reflex

A

When lungs are inflated to maximum during inspiration, pulmonary stretch receptors send action potential to the medulla and pons in the brain through the vagus nerve
PRG - pontine respiratory group inhibits diaphragm to stop overinflation

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9
Q

Describe the deflation reflex

A

As inspiration stops expiration begins and lungs deflate

  • as the lungs deflate stretch receptors are deactivated and compression proprioreceptors are activated
  • Inhibitory signals stop and inhalation can begin
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10
Q

Describe proprioreceptors

A

Present in muscle and detect movements of the body which input into the respiratory centres playing a role in stimulating the increase in ventilation that occurs in exercise

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11
Q

Describe the conducting and respiratory zones

A 
Conducting = branches air into and out of the site of gas exchange 
Respiratory = lined with alveoli where gas exchange occurs
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12
Q

Describe the airway divisions

A

Divided into two functional zones
First generations of 16 branches conducting zone and conducts air into deeper lung
Second generation 7 branches participate in gas exchange and comprise as the respiratory zone

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13
Q

Describe the conducting zone composition

A

Airways lined with mucus secreting ciliated cells that remove inhaled particles
Trachea is 11cm long and begins at C6
At T4/5 trachea bifurication and consists on c shaped cartilage rings

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14
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea

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15
Q

Describe bronchus positions

A

Left bronchus branches at an angle due to positioning of the heart so foreign bodies tend to go down right bronchus

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16
Q

What is the broncho pulmonary segment?

A

Discrete anatomical and functional unit of the lung that can be removed without disturbing the other lung segments function
Right lung has 10 segments and left lung has 9-10 segments

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17
Q

Describe alveolar gas exchange

A

200 million alveoli, gas exchange occurs efficiently as alveoli walls are thin with a large surface area
Contains alveolar macrophages to carry debris to the upper airway and is 200um to 500 um

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18
Q

How thin is the alveolar capillary membrane?

A

0.5um

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19
Q

Describe the left and right lungs

A

Left lung - 2 lobes superior and inferior
Right lung - 3 lobes superior, middle lobe and inferior lobe
lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissure in right lung and only oblique fissure in left lung

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20
Q

Describe the lobules of the right and left lung

A 
Left = 9-10 
Right = 10
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21
Q

Describe lung pleura

A

Pleural cavities formed by two serous membranes - Parietal pleura and Visceral Pleura
Pleural fluid lubricates the pleural space and prevents friction during respiration and holds membranes together

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22
Q

Describe the parietal Pleura nerve stimulation

A

Somatic fibres from intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves

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23
Q

Describe the visceral pleura nerve supply

A

Innervated by fibres from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain and parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve

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24
Q

Describe a tension Pneumothorax

A

Entry of air into the pleural cavity resulting from penetrating wound of the parietal pleura results in collapse of the lung

  • Air is sucked into the pleural cavity due to negative pressure
  • Surface tension adhering visceral to parietal pleura will be broken and the lung will collapse
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25
Q

What are the blood circulations that supply the respiratory system?

A

Pulmonary Circulation

Bronchial Circulation

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26
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3-C5 Spine

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27
Q

What are the main respiratory muscles?

A
  • Diaphragm
  • Sternocleidomastoid
  • Trapezius
  • Scalenes
  • Pectoralis minor
  • External/ Internal Intercostals
  • Rectus abdominals
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28
Q

What is functional residual capacity of the lungs?

A

Volume of gas remaining in the lungs after normal expiration

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29
Q

Describe muscle development

A

Myoblasts align and fuse together to form myotubules - make proteins to form myofilaments
- Some cells do not fuse and remain as satellite cells - proliferate and produce new cells in injury

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30
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Striated - voluntary muscle
Moving and stability of bones and other structures
- Multiple nuclei

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31
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Striated involuntary muscle - forms most of the walls of the heart
Single nuclei
Connected via intercalated discs - desmosomes and gap junctions

32
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Non striated - involuntary, forms walls of m most vessels and hollow organs
Single nuclei

33
Q

What are the longest and smallest muscles in the human body?

A

Longest - Sartorius

Smallest - Stapedius

34
Q

How many skeletal muscles are there in the human body?

A

640

35
Q

Describe skeletal muscle structure

A

Bundles of myofibrils called fascicles,
Endomysium surrounds single muscle fibre
Perimysium surrounds fascicle

36
Q

Describe the histology of skeletal muscle

A

Large nucleated cells,
Fused myoblasts surrounded by loose connective tissue containing collagen and elastin fibres which merge into tendon at muscle attachment

37
Q

Describe the 2 types of fast twitch muscle

A

a. Hybrid of type 1 and 2, respire aerobically - resistance to fatigue but can hydrolase ATP quickly using aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
b. Anaerobic - extracting energy from organic molecules in cells - lots of energy produced rapidly but fatigues quickly

38
Q

Where do neurological impulses travel to and from in skeletal muscles ?

A

Travel from precentral gyrus to nerves that supply muscle by releasing acetyl choline

39
Q

What is tonic contraction of muscles?

A

Muscles are slightly contracted even when relaxed - muscle tone and stability and firmness of muscles

40
Q

Describe isotonic muscle contractions and its two subtypes

A

Isotonic - Muscle changes in length to produce movement
Eccentric - Force applied to muscle exceeds mementary force produced by the muscle itself so forced lengthening of muscle
Concentric - Muscle tension rises to meet contraction resistance and remains stable as muscle shortens

41
Q

What is myositis?

A

Autoimmune inflammatory condition of muscles, skin, lungs, and heart.
Polymyositis and dermatomyositis

42
Q

What is myasthenia graves?

A

Autoimmune disease - antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions binding ach receptors together into clusters which are removed by endocytosis leaving reduced receptors so decreased muscle stimulation
- Often eye and facial muscles first

43
Q

What is rigour mortis?

A

ATP levels in skeletal muscles become exhausted after the heart stops beating
Sarcoplasmic reticulum can’t return calcium from the sarcoplasm so calcium ions present in the sarcoplasm trigger sustained muscle contraction
-lasts 20 hours as then lysosomal enzymes are released

44
Q

What is tetanus?

A

Spastic paralysis caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria clostridium tetani
- Toxin blocks the release of glycine - inhibitory neurotransmitter - resulting in over stimulation of muscles and excessive muscle contractions

45
Q

What is botulism?

A

Muscular paralysis - caused by toxin produced by clostridium botulinum - prevents the release of ach at synaptic knobs leading to muscle paralysis

46
Q

Describe the oesophagus

A

Lined with mucosa, stratified squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium
-lamina propria and muscularised mucosa

47
Q

Describe the oesophagus histology

A

Tough non keritanised stratified epithelium
Squamous mucosa
Circular and muscular layer
Submucosal glands

48
Q

Describe mucosa

A
  • Epithelium
  • Columnar epithelial cells
  • Glandular secretions
  • Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
49
Q

Describe the submucosa

A

2nd layer of connective tissue
Separates mucosa from underlying muscle
Regulates contractions and glandular secretions
Messinrs plexus

50
Q

Describe muscularis externa

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • inner circular and outer longitudinal
  • second nerve plexus
51
Q

Describe the adventitia

A

Made of fibrous connective tissue, outer most layer

52
Q

Describe the liver

A

Divided into larger right lobe and left love via the hepatic vein and falciform ligament
Further division into 8 segments - 6 for right lobe and 2 for the left lobe
Each segment has its own portals pedicle allowing resection

53
Q

Describe bile passage in the liver

A 
Bile caneliculi collect bile 
Drains to billiary ducts 
To common hepatic duct 
To cystic duct 
To form the common bile duct
54
Q

Describe detoxification by the liver

A

Phagocytosis via kupffer cells

Chemical alterations of biologically active molecules

55
Q

Describe terminal bile ducts and intrahepatic bile ducts epithelium

A

Terminal - lined with cuboidal epithelium

Intrahepatic - columnar epithelium

56
Q

Describe cholecystokinin release influencing bile

A
  1. The liver secretes bile continuously
  2. Bile becomes more concentrated
  3. CCK release triggered by duodenum causes dilation of hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder which ejects bile into the duodenum through the duodenal ampulla
57
Q

Describe the renal capsule

A

Fibrous capsule that encases the kidney and prevents infection

58
Q

Describe the renal fascia

A

Outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney

59
Q

Describe the peritoneal fascia

A

External to renal fascia and provides protection to kidneys

60
Q

Describe the renal tubule epithelium variations

A

Descending and ascending - simple squamous epithelium
Thick ascending - simple cuboidal / low columnar
DCT - simple cuboidal
Last part of DCT and collecting duct - simple cuboidal, principal and interpolated cells

61
Q

Describe the renal corpuscle epithelium

A

Outer - simple squamous epithelium

Inner - specialised podocytes - adhering to basal lamina

62
Q

Describe the ureter and its epithelium

A

Tri layered wall
Internal mucosa with transitional epithelium - urothelium
Medial muscular layer
Adventitia - fibrous external connective tissue layer

63
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular area of the bladder outlined by the openings for ureters and urethra

64
Q

Describe embryonic connective tissue

A

Undifferentiated - mesenchyme

Migrates during development to interact and form organs

65
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Chondrocyte cell
Semisolid matriculates with elastic properties
Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

66
Q

Describe the three cartilage types

A

Hyaline - translucent matrix, covered by dense perichondrium
Contains densely packed collagen fibres
Tough but flexible support

Elastic - resilient and flexible, tolerates distortion

Fibrocartilage - Dominated by large collagen fibres that are densely interwoven
Tough and durable
Resists compression
Prevents damaging bone to bone contact

67
Q

Describe the bone histology and 4 types of cell

A

Osteoprogenitor cells - tissues from which almost all connective tissues are made
Osteoblasts - secrete collagen fibres to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue
Osteocytes - maintain daily metabolism of bone tissue such as exchange of nutrients with the blood
Osteoclasts - releases powerful enzymes that digest proteins and mineral components of the extracellular matrix

68
Q

What are the three types of joints?

A

Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

69
Q

What does the basement membrane consist of?

A

Basal lamina and reticular lamina

70
Q

Describe three secretory mechanisms

A

Merocrine - secretion passes through cells with no damage
Holocrine - Involves death of the cell
Apocrine - Apical end pinched off

71
Q

Describe serous membranes

A

Simple squamous, resting on layer of loose connective tissue found in body cavities- serous fluid for lubrication
2 layers - parietal and visceral
Visceral attaches to organ itself and parietal attaches to body around the organ

72
Q

Describe mucous membranes

A

Epithelial cells vary, lines cavities open to the outside

73
Q

What are the most common cancers amongst women?

A

Breast, lung and colorectal

74
Q

What are the most common cancers amongst men?

A

Prostate, lung and colorectal

75
Q

What is dysplasia?

A

Abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs - high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

Clin Sci IMS, Respiratory, Renal, Cardiovascular, Nutrition & Energy (17 decks)

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