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Clin Sci IMS, Respiratory, Renal, Cardiovascular, Nutrition & Energy > Week 8 - Tissue Systems & Histology > Flashcards

Week 8 - Tissue Systems & Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the respiratory system

A
  • Supplies body with oxygen and removes CO2
  • Goblet cells and cilia o the trachea remove foreign particles
  • Large surface area for gas exchange created by the bronchi - bronchioles to then form the alveoli
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2
Q

What is pulmonary ventilation?

A

Inhalation and Expiration

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3
Q

Describe Breathing

A
  • Involuntary and voluntary control

Voluntary = cortical control - input from cerebral cortex

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4
Q

Describe regulation of breathing

A

Trachea, bronchial tree and lungs are innervated by autonomic nervous system
- Respiratory control centre located in the brainstem within the reticular formation through medulla oblongata and the pons

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5
Q

What are the reticular formation and the pons in the brainstem?

A

Reticular formation = interconnected nuclei localised in brainstem
Pons = largest part of brainstem above medulla oblongata and below mid brain - group of nerves connecting between cerebrum and cerebellum - acts as a bridge

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6
Q

What are there DRG and VRG?

A

Dorsal respirator group - influencing diaphragm which is the primary respiratory muscle
VRG- ventral respiratory group controlling expiration

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7
Q

What is the Hering Breuer reflex? (Inflation)

A

Prevent over inflation or excessive deflation of lungs controlled by two reflexes - inflation reflex and deflation reflex

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8
Q

Describe the inflation reflex

A

When lungs are inflated to maximum during inspiration, pulmonary stretch receptors send action potential to the medulla and pons in the brain through the vagus nerve
PRG - pontine respiratory group inhibits diaphragm to stop overinflation

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9
Q

Describe the deflation reflex

A

As inspiration stops expiration begins and lungs deflate

  • as the lungs deflate stretch receptors are deactivated and compression proprioreceptors are activated
  • Inhibitory signals stop and inhalation can begin
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10
Q

Describe proprioreceptors

A

Present in muscle and detect movements of the body which input into the respiratory centres playing a role in stimulating the increase in ventilation that occurs in exercise

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11
Q

Describe the conducting and respiratory zones

A 
Conducting = branches air into and out of the site of gas exchange 
Respiratory = lined with alveoli where gas exchange occurs
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12
Q

Describe the airway divisions

A

Divided into two functional zones
First generations of 16 branches conducting zone and conducts air into deeper lung
Second generation 7 branches participate in gas exchange and comprise as the respiratory zone

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13
Q

Describe the conducting zone composition

A

Airways lined with mucus secreting ciliated cells that remove inhaled particles
Trachea is 11cm long and begins at C6
At T4/5 trachea bifurication and consists on c shaped cartilage rings

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14
Q

Describe the respiratory mucosa

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea

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15
Q

Describe bronchus positions

A

Left bronchus branches at an angle due to positioning of the heart so foreign bodies tend to go down right bronchus

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16
Q

What is the broncho pulmonary segment?

A

Discrete anatomical and functional unit of the lung that can be removed without disturbing the other lung segments function
Right lung has 10 segments and left lung has 9-10 segments

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17
Q

Describe alveolar gas exchange

A

200 million alveoli, gas exchange occurs efficiently as alveoli walls are thin with a large surface area
Contains alveolar macrophages to carry debris to the upper airway and is 200um to 500 um

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18
Q

How thin is the alveolar capillary membrane?

A

0.5um

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19
Q

Describe the left and right lungs

A

Left lung - 2 lobes superior and inferior
Right lung - 3 lobes superior, middle lobe and inferior lobe
lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissure in right lung and only oblique fissure in left lung

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20
Q

Describe the lobules of the right and left lung

A 
Left = 9-10 
Right = 10
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21
Q

Describe lung pleura

A

Pleural cavities formed by two serous membranes - Parietal pleura and Visceral Pleura
Pleural fluid lubricates the pleural space and prevents friction during respiration and holds membranes together

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22
Q

Describe the parietal Pleura nerve stimulation

A

Somatic fibres from intercostal nerves and phrenic nerves

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23
Q

Describe the visceral pleura nerve supply

A

Innervated by fibres from the cervical and thoracic sympathetic chain and parasympathetic fibres from the vagus nerve

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24
Q

Describe a tension Pneumothorax

A

Entry of air into the pleural cavity resulting from penetrating wound of the parietal pleura results in collapse of the lung

  • Air is sucked into the pleural cavity due to negative pressure
  • Surface tension adhering visceral to parietal pleura will be broken and the lung will collapse
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25
What are the blood circulations that supply the respiratory system?
Pulmonary Circulation | Bronchial Circulation
26
Where does the phrenic nerve originate?
C3-C5 Spine
27
What are the main respiratory muscles?
- Diaphragm - Sternocleidomastoid - Trapezius - Scalenes - Pectoralis minor - External/ Internal Intercostals - Rectus abdominals
28
What is functional residual capacity of the lungs?
Volume of gas remaining in the lungs after normal expiration
29
Describe muscle development
Myoblasts align and fuse together to form myotubules - make proteins to form myofilaments - Some cells do not fuse and remain as satellite cells - proliferate and produce new cells in injury
30
Describe skeletal muscle
Striated - voluntary muscle Moving and stability of bones and other structures - Multiple nuclei
31
Describe cardiac muscle
Striated involuntary muscle - forms most of the walls of the heart Single nuclei Connected via intercalated discs - desmosomes and gap junctions
32
Describe smooth muscle
Non striated - involuntary, forms walls of m most vessels and hollow organs Single nuclei
33
What are the longest and smallest muscles in the human body?
Longest - Sartorius | Smallest - Stapedius
34
How many skeletal muscles are there in the human body?
640
35
Describe skeletal muscle structure
Bundles of myofibrils called fascicles, Endomysium surrounds single muscle fibre Perimysium surrounds fascicle
36
Describe the histology of skeletal muscle
Large nucleated cells, Fused myoblasts surrounded by loose connective tissue containing collagen and elastin fibres which merge into tendon at muscle attachment
37
Describe the 2 types of fast twitch muscle
a. Hybrid of type 1 and 2, respire aerobically - resistance to fatigue but can hydrolase ATP quickly using aerobic and anaerobic metabolism b. Anaerobic - extracting energy from organic molecules in cells - lots of energy produced rapidly but fatigues quickly
38
Where do neurological impulses travel to and from in skeletal muscles ?
Travel from precentral gyrus to nerves that supply muscle by releasing acetyl choline
39
What is tonic contraction of muscles?
Muscles are slightly contracted even when relaxed - muscle tone and stability and firmness of muscles
40
Describe isotonic muscle contractions and its two subtypes
Isotonic - Muscle changes in length to produce movement Eccentric - Force applied to muscle exceeds mementary force produced by the muscle itself so forced lengthening of muscle Concentric - Muscle tension rises to meet contraction resistance and remains stable as muscle shortens
41
What is myositis?
Autoimmune inflammatory condition of muscles, skin, lungs, and heart. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis
42
What is myasthenia graves?
Autoimmune disease - antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions binding ach receptors together into clusters which are removed by endocytosis leaving reduced receptors so decreased muscle stimulation - Often eye and facial muscles first
43
What is rigour mortis?
ATP levels in skeletal muscles become exhausted after the heart stops beating Sarcoplasmic reticulum can't return calcium from the sarcoplasm so calcium ions present in the sarcoplasm trigger sustained muscle contraction -lasts 20 hours as then lysosomal enzymes are released
44
What is tetanus?
Spastic paralysis caused by a toxin produced by the bacteria clostridium tetani - Toxin blocks the release of glycine - inhibitory neurotransmitter - resulting in over stimulation of muscles and excessive muscle contractions
45
What is botulism?
Muscular paralysis - caused by toxin produced by clostridium botulinum - prevents the release of ach at synaptic knobs leading to muscle paralysis
46
Describe the oesophagus
Lined with mucosa, stratified squamous epithelium and columnar epithelium -lamina propria and muscularised mucosa
47
Describe the oesophagus histology
Tough non keritanised stratified epithelium Squamous mucosa Circular and muscular layer Submucosal glands
48
Describe mucosa
- Epithelium - Columnar epithelial cells - Glandular secretions - Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
49
Describe the submucosa
2nd layer of connective tissue Separates mucosa from underlying muscle Regulates contractions and glandular secretions Messinrs plexus
50
Describe muscularis externa
- Smooth muscle - inner circular and outer longitudinal - second nerve plexus
51
Describe the adventitia
Made of fibrous connective tissue, outer most layer
52
Describe the liver
Divided into larger right lobe and left love via the hepatic vein and falciform ligament Further division into 8 segments - 6 for right lobe and 2 for the left lobe Each segment has its own portals pedicle allowing resection
53
Describe bile passage in the liver
``` Bile caneliculi collect bile Drains to billiary ducts To common hepatic duct To cystic duct To form the common bile duct ```
54
Describe detoxification by the liver
Phagocytosis via kupffer cells | Chemical alterations of biologically active molecules
55
Describe terminal bile ducts and intrahepatic bile ducts epithelium
Terminal - lined with cuboidal epithelium | Intrahepatic - columnar epithelium
56
Describe cholecystokinin release influencing bile
1. The liver secretes bile continuously 2. Bile becomes more concentrated 3. CCK release triggered by duodenum causes dilation of hepatopancreatic sphincter and contraction of the gallbladder which ejects bile into the duodenum through the duodenal ampulla
57
Describe the renal capsule
Fibrous capsule that encases the kidney and prevents infection
58
Describe the renal fascia
Outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue that anchors the kidney
59
Describe the peritoneal fascia
External to renal fascia and provides protection to kidneys
60
Describe the renal tubule epithelium variations
Descending and ascending - simple squamous epithelium Thick ascending - simple cuboidal / low columnar DCT - simple cuboidal Last part of DCT and collecting duct - simple cuboidal, principal and interpolated cells
61
Describe the renal corpuscle epithelium
Outer - simple squamous epithelium | Inner - specialised podocytes - adhering to basal lamina
62
Describe the ureter and its epithelium
Tri layered wall Internal mucosa with transitional epithelium - urothelium Medial muscular layer Adventitia - fibrous external connective tissue layer
63
What is the trigone?
Triangular area of the bladder outlined by the openings for ureters and urethra
64
Describe embryonic connective tissue
Undifferentiated - mesenchyme | Migrates during development to interact and form organs
65
Describe cartilage
Chondrocyte cell Semisolid matriculates with elastic properties Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage
66
Describe the three cartilage types
Hyaline - translucent matrix, covered by dense perichondrium Contains densely packed collagen fibres Tough but flexible support Elastic - resilient and flexible, tolerates distortion Fibrocartilage - Dominated by large collagen fibres that are densely interwoven Tough and durable Resists compression Prevents damaging bone to bone contact
67
Describe the bone histology and 4 types of cell
Osteoprogenitor cells - tissues from which almost all connective tissues are made Osteoblasts - secrete collagen fibres to build extracellular matrix of bone tissue Osteocytes - maintain daily metabolism of bone tissue such as exchange of nutrients with the blood Osteoclasts - releases powerful enzymes that digest proteins and mineral components of the extracellular matrix
68
What are the three types of joints?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
69
What does the basement membrane consist of?
Basal lamina and reticular lamina
70
Describe three secretory mechanisms
Merocrine - secretion passes through cells with no damage Holocrine - Involves death of the cell Apocrine - Apical end pinched off
71
Describe serous membranes
Simple squamous, resting on layer of loose connective tissue found in body cavities- serous fluid for lubrication 2 layers - parietal and visceral Visceral attaches to organ itself and parietal attaches to body around the organ
72
Describe mucous membranes
Epithelial cells vary, lines cavities open to the outside
73
What are the most common cancers amongst women?
Breast, lung and colorectal
74
What are the most common cancers amongst men?
Prostate, lung and colorectal
75
What is dysplasia?
Abnormal development of cells within tissues or organs - high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio

Clin Sci IMS, Respiratory, Renal, Cardiovascular, Nutrition & Energy (17 decks)

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