Week 11 - Blood Flashcards
What percent of body mass is the blood?
8% - 4-6 Litres
What are the main proteins in plasma and their percentage?
- Albumin 58%
- Globulins 38%
- Fibrinogen 4%
How big is a red blood cell?
8 Microns
Give the order of WBC and their percentage within the blood from highest to lowest
Neutrophils - 50-70% Lymphocytes - 20 - 30% Monocytes - 2 - 8% Eosinophils - 2 - 4% Basophils - < 1%
What percent RBC do men and women have?
Men - 40-54%
Women - 38-46%
What is polycythemia ?
Too many RBC which increases blood viscosity
What BC are derived from the myeloid stem?
Myeloblast - Basophil, neutrophil, eosinophil and Monocyte - macrophage and dendritic cells
Megakaryocyte - Thromboyles
Erythrocytes
Mast cells
What BC are derived from the lymphoid stem?
Natural Killer cells
Small Lymphocytes - T-lymphocytes, B lymphocytes- Plasma cells
Describe progenitor and precursor cells
Progenitor - won’t undergo further division
Precursor - Undergo more differentiation - not mitosis
What are erythropoietin and thrombopoetin associated with?
Erythropoeitin = RBC - Kidney Thrombopoetin = Platelets - Liver - Increases clotting for chemotherapy patients
What are granulocytes used for as supplement?
Increases WBC formation after chemotherapy to support the immune system
What does iron overload lead to?
Tissue damage - all tissues - Fe2+ and Fe3+ binds to cells and damages them
Describe the globin from RBC death
Globin - amino acids which are reused for protein synthesis
Describe heme from RBC death and its metabolism in relation to iron
Fe3+ transferrin - Ferrin stored in the liver- then to the bone marrow via endocytosis and globin and b12 and erythropoietin - erythropoiesis to form new RBC
Describe heme from RBC death and its metabolism in relation to bilirubin
Heme - biliverdin - bilirubin in the liver - to the bile duct - bilirubin and bacteria in the small intestine -
Urobillogen to kidneys
Sterobilin to faces
Describe erythropoiesis
Pre-cursor cell type - pro erythroblast produce cells to make haemoglobin then -
Reticulocytes which eject nuclei and pass into the blood and from RBC
What WBC type is activated by IgE ?
Basophils
Describe WBC uses
Mast cell - dilates blood vessels + induces inflammation
Macrophage - phagocytic cell - from blood vessel to tissue
Monocyte - differentiates to macrophages- stored in the spleen and moved to infected area
Neutrophil - first responders
Basophil - Defence against parasites and allergic reaction response
Eosinophil - Release toxins to kill bacteria - cause tissue damage
Describe neutrophil migration
Chemotaxis Rolling L-selection Shed and bind to E-selection Adhesion Diapedis
Describe the complete blood count and what high / low levels indicate
Neutrophils - High - infection Low - radiation exposure/ lupus Lymphocyte - High - viral incfection, some leukaemia Low - Prolonged illness and immunosuppression Monocyte - High - Viral/fungal infection, TB Low - Bone marrow suppression Eosinophils - High - allergic reactions, parasites Low - drug toxicity and stress Basophils - High - allergic reactions and leukaemia Low - Pregnancy, ovulation and stress
Describe platelet formation
Controlled by thrombopoetin
Haemopoetic stem cells - megakaryoblasts - megakaryocytes - platelets
What are the three steps for platelet formation?
Activation
Adhesion
Aggregation
What is haemostasis?
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Blood Clotting
Describe platelet use and formation of a blood clot upon damage
- Damage to endothelial cells
- Sub epithelial scaffolding occurs
- Collagen and von willeband factor causes platelets to bind and starts activation process
- Secretion by platelets - dense granules, serotonin and ADP - causes morphological changes needed for aggregation and creates cascade so increased activation of platelets
- Fibrinogen helps activation
- Thrombus forms involving thrombin - protease to activate fibrin
- Forms a functional blood clot
