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Week 8 roop Flashcards

1
Q

double vision

A

dipoplia

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2
Q

slurred speech

A

dysarthria

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3
Q

difficulty swallowing

A

dysphagia

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4
Q

nerve conduction and muscle conduction. It can diagnose motor neuron diseases.

A

EMG

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5
Q

____: muscle strengthener and it rules out Myasthenia gravis
-it is acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A

edrophonium

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6
Q

why do you need to keep atropine on hand when you use edrophonium?

A

decreases heart rate and constricts airways

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7
Q

if your muscle strength improves after use of edrophonium you have _____, if your muscle strength does not improve ______

A
  1. myasthenia gravis
  2. muscle weakness is due to other reasons
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8
Q

____is gram positive, spore-forming, anaerobic bacillus
-produces neurotoxin, botulinum
-people still die from this today from home canning

A

clostridum Botulinum

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9
Q

in botulinum neurotoxin, what happens at a motor neuron when action potential arrives at presynaptic terminal?

A

-calcium influx
-botulinum destroys SNARE proteins, vesicles cant fuse, no ach release cant bind to receptors, FLACCID PARALYSIS

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10
Q

____help vesicles fuse to presynaptic membranes

A

snare proteins

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11
Q

the SNAP SNARE proteins allow docking of the vesicles with the cell membrane, fusion and then ____of the ACh into the synaptic cleft

A

exocytosis

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12
Q

Flaccid paralysis occurs first in cranial muscles and is ______
-it will spread to other proximal muscles and then to distal muscles

A

symmetrical

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13
Q

what are the muscles paralyzed that result in droopy eyelids _____

A

levator palpebrae superioris muscle

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14
Q

what are the muscles that result in dysphagia _____

A

upper esophageal sphincter muscle

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15
Q

what muscles are effected causing double vision ____

A

any optic muscles

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16
Q

what is the time for symptoms to appear after ingestion of food-borne toxin?

A

begin 18-36 hours on average

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17
Q

what is the treatment for botulinum toxin?

A

-doctors treat with antitoxin, this prevents the toxin from causing any more harm
-antitoxin does not heal damage the toxin has already done

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18
Q

what will happen if patient is not treated for botulinum toxin?

A

-the disease may progress and symptoms may worsen to cause full paralysis of some muscles, including those used in breathing and those in the arms, legs and trunk (part of body from neck to pelvis area, called torso)
-will affect diaphragm muscles so patient is unable to breathe give ventilator

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19
Q

how long would patient have to remain in hospital? what are you trying to achieve physiologically?

A

-weeks to months, until symptoms disappear
-restoration of snare proteins

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20
Q

botulinum neurotoxin is considered the _____

A

deadliest toxin

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21
Q

____: breakdown of heme
-happens in the spleen
-goes to the liver
-makes it into bile

22
Q

____: all of the extra bilirubin, too much breakdown of RBC

A

hemolytic anemia

23
Q

____: influx of neutrophils and lymphocytes
-still see fundate glands
-epithelium shedding

A

Non-atrophic gastritis

24
Q

___: clenching of teeth

25
patients gums displayed burtons lines which indicates ____
lead poisoning
26
-burtons line is a blue purplish line on the gums seen in lead poisoning -it is caused by a reaction between circulating lead with ____ions released by oral bacterial activity, which deposits lead sulfide at the junction of the teeth and gums
sulphur
27
_____of RBCs indicative of heavy metal poisoning
basophilic stippling
28
what is the treatment for lead poisoning?
chelating agent
29
for lead poisoning: succimer and penicillamine are given ____
orally
30
for lead poisoning: dimeroeaprol and edetate, calcium disodium (CaNa2EDTA) are given ____
parenterally
31
lead can block what enzymes and this can block heme?
aminolevulinate dehydratase and ferrochelatase
32
basophilic stippling is due to lead inhibiting enzyme ____which clears clumps of degraded RNA
5 prime nucleotidases
33
lead also attaches to RBCs membrane making ____ much easier hence the increase in bilirubin levels
hemolysis
34
lead can cross BBB, leading to edema: ____
increase in ICP leads to encephalopathy
35
lead can cross BBB and can block enzymes in heme synthesis pathway leading to ___
anemia
36
____: RNA left back in RBC, not cleared because enzyme is inhibited
basophilic stippling
37
what are the two major components of hemostasis
1. platelet plug 2. clotting cascade
38
patients blood results indicate something is wrong with ____
clotting cascade
39
pathophysiology: bleeding of the oral mucus membrane could also indicate internal bleeding, indicated by ___
stool sample
40
platelets are also known as ____
thrombocytes
41
platelets are derived from ____
megakaryocytes
42
what is the life span of platelets?
7-10 days
43
platlet formation is regulated by the hormone ____
thrombopoietin
44
what are the three types of granules?
alpha, dense, lysosomes
45
what granule? ____ comprise the bulk of platelet secretome, hemostatic factors (Factor V, VWF, fibrinogen); angiogenic factors (angiogenin, PF4); growth (PDGF, BFGF, SDF1alpha); proteases (MMP2, MMP9)
alpha
46
what granule? __serotonin, ATP, ADP, histamine, coagulants
dense
47
what is the mechanism of action of warfarin? -inhibits ___-clotting factors -clotting factor II= ____ -thrombin converts fibronogen to fibrin warfarin---inhibits vitamin K clotting factor II ---prothrombin
1. vitamin K 2. prothrombin
48
warfarin inhibts the effective synthesis of biologically active forms of the vitamin K dependent clotting factors: ____ as well as the regulatory factors _____
1. II, VII, IX and X 2. protein C, protein S, and protein Z
49
____inhibits platelet adhesion
garlic
50
___increases activity of warfarin (potentiates), vasodilator (peripheral vascular disease), side effects: MASSIVE HEADACHE
ginkgo biloba

Health Studies (8 decks)

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