Jaffe Quiz 12 Flashcards
1
Q
What are the bones of the superior wall of the eye?
A
Frontal and sphenoid
2
Q
What are the bones of the inferior wall of the eye?
A
Zygomatic, maxilla and palatine
3
Q
What are the bones of the medial wall of the eye?
A
Frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal and ethmoid
4
Q
What are the bones of the lateral wall of the eye?
A
Zygomatic and sphenoid
5
Q
____separate greater and lesser wings
A
Superior orbital fissure
6
Q
____seperates sphenoid and maxilla
A
Inferior orbital fissure
7
Q
-compromises of lacrimal bone crest and frontal process of maxilla
-continue inferiorly with nasolacrimal canal—> opens into nasal cavity
A
Lacrimal fossa
8
Q
Floor and medial wall of orbit have comparatively thin walls separating the orbital cavity from the sinuses that occupy ____ and ____ bones
A
Maxilla and ethmoid
9
Q
____gland is the size of almond
-lies under cover of superolateral margin of bony orbit
-has numerous fine excretory ducts that open into space between palpebral and bulbar conjuctiva
A
Lacrimal gland
10
Q
What nerve makes you cry?
A
Facial nerve (CN VII)
11
Q
What muscles move the eyeball?
A
Medial rectus, lateral rectus, inferior oblique, superior rectus, superior oblique and inferior rectus
12
Q
_____move cornea medically (adduction)
-what nerve innervates this muscle?
A
Medial rectus
Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
13
Q
___move the cornea laterally (abduction)
-what nerve moves this muscle?
A
Lateral rectus and abducens(VI)
14
Q
____turns cornea upward and laterally, only functions when the eyeball is already adducted to move the cornea upwards
-what nerve innervates this muscle?
A
Inferior oblique and oculomotor nerve (III)
15
Q
____turns cornea upward and medially, only function when eyeball is already abducted to move cornea upwards
-what nerve innervates this muscle?
A
Superior rectus and oculomotor nerve (III)
16
Q
____turns cornea downwards and laterally, only functions when eyeball is already adducted to move cornea downwards
-what innervates this muscle?
A
Superior oblique and trochlear nerve (IV)
17
Q
___turns cornea downwards and medially, only functions when eyeball is already abducted to move cornea downwards
-what innervates this muscle?
A
Inferior rectus and oculomotor nerve (III)
18
Q
What are the layers of the eyeball?
A
Corneoscleral tunic, Uveal tunic and retinal tunic
19
Q
What consists of the corneoscleral tunic?
A
Sclera and cornea
20
Q
____opaque white around most of the eyeball
A
Sclera
21
Q
___opaque white becoming transparent anteriorly
A
Cornea
22
Q
What consists in the uveal tunic?
A
Choroid, stroma of ciliary body and stroma of iris
23
Q
What consists of the innermost layer of the eye the retinal tunic?
A
Pigment epithelium, neural retina, epithelium of ciliary body, epithelium of iris, photoreceptors and center of back of retina
24
Q
___black and white shades
A
Rods
25
____colors
Cones
26
Center of back of retina = yellow spot -> macula lutea-> where most of cones are concentrated
-also contains ____ which is a depression in center of macula lutea; contains cones and no rods
Fovea centralis
27
What are the cavities of the internal eye and what seperates them?
Divided into 2 parts by iris,
Behind the iris is posterior chamber,
I front of the iris is anterior chamber
28
What structures can be seen using the ophthalmoscope
Retina, optic nerve, vasculature and vitreous humor
(Where optic nerve exits eyeball, retina contains no photoreceptor cells -> optic disc (blind spot)
29
Histological layers of retina:
-posterior 2/3 of retina= light sensitive area —> ____
Pars optica
30
Histological layers of retina
-anterior 1/3 of retina= light insensitive area —> _____and ____
Pars ciliaris and pars iridis
31
Olfactory nerve (I)
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sensory and sympathetic
32
Optic nerve II
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sensory and sympathetic
33
Oculomotor nerve III
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Motor and parasympathetic
34
Trochlear Nerve IV
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Motor and sympathetic
35
Trigeminal nerve V
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Both and sympathetic
36
Abducens nerve VI
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Motor and sympathetic
37
Facial nerve VII
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Both and parasympathetic
38
Vestibulcochlear nerve VIII
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Sensory and sympathetic
39
Glossopharyngeal nerve IX
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Both and parasympathetic
40
Vagus nerve X
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Both and parasympathetic
41
Accessory nerve XI
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Motor and sympathetic
42
Hypogloassal nerve XII
-is it sensory or motor?
-is it sympathetic or parasympathetic?
Motor and sympathetic
43
____ provides for collateral circulation becomes important if one of the channels becomes occluded
-arterial anastamoses
Circle of willis
44
____arteries permit blood flow from one side to reach the other and blood from the vertebral network to reach the carotid network
Anterior and posterior communicating arteries
45
____
-anastomoses with posterior cerebral artery
-connects internal carotid system to vertebral/basilar system
Posterior communicating artery
46
___supplies portions of choroid plexus
Anterior choroidal artery
47
___connected by anterior communicating artery and serves midline frontal and parietal lobes
Anterior cerebral artery
48
_____not considered part of the circle of Willis
-40% of strokes happen due to blockage here because it’s end artery
Middle cerebral artery
49
I’m what part of the mediastinum is the heart located?
Inferior compartment MIDDLE contains pericardium, heart and roots of great vessels entering/leaving heart
50
Apex is primarily made up of the ___ ventricle
-inferior border -> left __
1. Left ventricle
2. 5th intercostal space
51
Base of the heart is primarily made up of ____
- located:
1. Left atrium
2. Left 2nd costal cartilage
52
-the heart is contained within fibrous pericardial sac (pericardium)
-continuous with covering of great vessel roots superiorly and anchored inferiorly to central tendon of ___
-inner surface of sac is covered with parietal serous pericardium while visceral serous pericardial layer covers ___
1. Diaphragm
2. Hearts surface
53
Name the layers that make up the hearts walls superficial to deep
1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium- greatest in diameter
3. Endocardium -composed of endothelium and purkinje fibers
54
Name the chambers of the heart?
Right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle and left ventricle
55
____fossa Ovalis is here
Right atrium
56
___
-trabeculae carne muscle and set of Papillary muscles correspond to each value cusp
-two adjacent cusps are tethered to one papillary muscles by string like structures called chordae tendinae
Left atrium
57
____ valve can be heard at 5th and 6th intercostal space near left sternal border
-lies behind half of sternum at level of ___
Tricuspid valve
2. 4th intercostal space
58
___valve can be heard at 2nd intercostal space at left sternal border
-lies behind the medial end of the ___
1. Pulmonary valve
2. Left 3rd costal cartilage
59
____can be heard at 5th intercostal space in left midclavicular line
-lies behind medial end of left ___
1. Bicuspid mitral valve
2. Left 4 costal cartilage
60
____can be heard at 2nd intercostal space at right sternal border
-lies behind the left half of the sternum at the level of ____
1. Aortic valve
2. 3rd intercostal space
61
___closure of tricuspid and bicuspid valve at start of ventricular systole contraction (S1)
Lub sound
62
____closure of pulmonary and aortic valves at end of ventricular systole (S2)
Dub sound
63
Trace the blood flow into, through and out of the heart
SVC/IVC, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, right/left pulmonary arteries, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, bicuspid mitral valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, ascending aorta, aorta, aortic branches
64
Coronary arteries arise from aortic sinuses in the ___
-as oxygenated blood is expelled from left ventricle to aorta —> small portion of blood is distributed to structures of heart via coronary arteries
Ascending aorta
65
____begins at right aortic sinus and travels to right coronary sulcus to posterior surface of heart
-major branches: SA nodal, right marginal, AV nodal and posterior IV arteries
Right coronary
66
___begins at left aortic sinus and travels to between pulmonary trunk and left auricle
-then bifurcated into cicumflex artery which travels to posterior surface of heart and anterior IV artery and then gives rise to left marginal branch
Left coronary
67
____posterior and anterior IV arteries anastomose
At apex of heart
68
Great, middle and small cardiac veins run with anterior IV, posterior IV and right marginal arteries
-these veins drain into coronary sinus which returns blood to ___
Right atrium
69
Identify the fetal heart bypass structures and what they become once you are born.
-fetus:
-adult:
-function: Carrie’s oxygenated blood from placenta to the fetus
1. Left umbilical vein
2. Ligamentum teres
70
Identify the fetal heart bypass structures and what they become once you are born.
-fetus:
-adult:
-function: allows maternal blood to bypass fetal liver
1. Ductus venosus
2. Ligamentum venosum
71
Identify the fetal heart bypass structures and what they become once you are born.
-fetus:
-adult:
-function: allows blood to bypass the fetal lungs
1. Foramen ovale
2. Fossa ovale
72
Identify the fetal heart bypass structures and what they become once you are born.
-fetus:
-adult:
-function: carry fetal blood to placenta to pick up more oxygen
1. Right and left umbilical arteries
2. Medial umbilical ligaments
73
Identify the fetal heart bypass structures and what they become once you are born.
-fetus:
-adult:
-function: connects inferior surface of arch to superior surface of pulmonary trunk, closely associated with left recurrent branch of vagus nerve, allows maternal blood to bypass the lungs
1. Ductus arteriosus
2. Ligamentum arteriosum
74
where are the kidneys located in relationship to the peritoneum?
-retroperitoneal
-located against posterior abdominal wall bilaterally
75
where are both kidneys positioned in relationship to bony landmarks?
-T12-L3 vertebral levels
-right kidney=more inferior than left due to liver
76
what structures hold the kidney to the back body wall?
deep renal fascia
77
what are the regions of the kidney?
outer cortex, inner medulla and collecting system
78
-lighter cortex
-contains numerous tubes and capillaries and renal corpuscles
-between adjacent renal pyramids= renal column
-renal pyramid + renal cortex= renal lobe, nephrons contained in lobe
outer cortex
79
-darker medulla
-renal pyramids and columns alternate within the kidney, apex of each pyramid= renal papilla
-composed of 12 pyramids, pyramid= cone shaped structure that contains urine collecting ducts
inner medulla
80
-including collecting ducts, minor and major calyces and renal pelvis
-urine drains from renal pyramids into minor calyces
collecting system
81
_____functional unit of kidney
-part of each nephron lies within renal medulla and part lies within adjacent renal cortex
-most of nephron= located within renal cortex above renal pyramid
-has tubular and vascular component
nephron
82
____surrounda renal glomerulus and is double layers
-podocytes
glomerular (bowmans) capsule
83
____capillaries within renal glomerulus are continuous, fenestrated capillaries without diaphragms
-intraglomerular mesangium
glomerulus
84
____
-descending thin limb
-ascending thin limb
-distal straight tubule contains macula densa
loop of henle
85
what is the vascular component of the nephron?
2 capillary beds:
1. glomerulus: afferent and efferent arterioles
2. peritubular capillary: around renal tubule, small vessels lead from peritubular capillary to renal vein
86
what are the components of the nephron?
bowmans capsule, glomerulus, proximal convoluted tubule, proximal straight tubule, loop of henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting duct
87
what are the components of the filtration membrane?
glomerular capillary endothelium, glomerular basement membrane and slit diaphragms
88
___continuous fenestrated endothelium
glomerular capillary endothelium
89
1. ____podocytes
2. ____found between neighboring podocytes and podocytes have pedicels
1. glomerular basement membrane
2. slit diaphragms
90
____specialized structure located where DST of nephron contacts the glomerulus (where afferent meets efferent)
-regulates arterial BP through RAAS
JG complex
91
_____
-lines DST
-monitors changes in sodium levels in DST fluid and stimulates release of renin from JG cells
macula densa
92
____
-located in tunica media of afferent arteriole and early portion of efferent arteriole
-secretes renin, monitors changes in Bp and is innervated by postganglioninc sympathetic nerves
JG cell
