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Clinical Chemistry 2nd part > Week 8 notes > Flashcards

Week 8 notes Flashcards

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1
Q

What specific requirements do bacteria have?

A

temp, pH, oxygen tension, and nutrition

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2
Q

what are the oxygen requirements of the following bacteria: obligate aerobes, obligate anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, microaerophilic, capnophilic?

A

obligate aerobes- need O2 to survive
obligate anaerobes- need no o2 to survive
facultative anaerobes- can survive in O2 but don’t need it
Microaerophilic- need reduced levels of O2
Capnophilic- need CO2 to survive

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3
Q

Most bacteria grow at what pH?

A

Between 6.5 and 7.5

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4
Q

What temperature do each of these mean: mesophilies, psychrophilies, thermophilies?

A

mesophilies- 20-40’ C
psychrophilies- lower than 20’C
thermophilies- higher than 40’C

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5
Q

What are the cell shapes?

A

Bacilli, cocci, spirals

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6
Q

What are the different cell arrangements?

A

chains, clusters, pairs, tetrads, palisades

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7
Q

Endospores are resistant to?

A

heat, desiccation, chemicals, and radiation

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8
Q

What are the 4 phases of bacterial growth?

A
  1. initial (lag), 2. Exponential (doubling or rapid), 3. Stationary, 4. Final (death)
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9
Q

what does saprophytic mean?

A

decomposers

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10
Q

what is mycelium and hyphae of yeast?

A

hyphae- webs of slender tubes, mycelium- a branching web made of hyphae

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11
Q

What are basidiomycetes, ascomycetes, zygomycetes, and deuteromycetes?

A

basidiomycetes- mushrooms or club fungi
ascomycetes- cup fungi
zygomycetes- molds
deuteromycetes- have no identifiable sex stage

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12
Q

What do you need for an in-house micro lab?

A

lighting and ventilation, washable floor, limited traffic, two work areas, smooth non porous surfaces, electrical outlets, storage, access to incubator and refrigerator

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13
Q

What are the safety practices you should do if working in a micro lab?>

A

know the potential for pathogenic or zoonotic diseases, aseptic technique, PPE, wash hands, disposal, treat spills immediately, no eating, drinking, or cosmetics, hair pulled back, report accidents immediately

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14
Q

what are the two types that media is made of?

A

agar- from algae and gelatin- from animal cells

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15
Q

What are the 6 types of media and what do they do?

A

Transport- designed to keep alive but not grow
enriched- meets requirements for facigest bacteria
selective- contains anti-bacterial so only certain type grows
differential- allows bacteria to group
enrichment- helps a certain type to grow

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16
Q

What are the four types of hemolysis that can be detected on blood agar? What do they look like?

A

Alpha- narrow band of greenish slime (partial)
Beta- creates clear zone (total)
Gamma- no change noticeable
Delta- Both alpha and beta

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17
Q

Macconkey Agar suppresses the growth of ? what do lactose colonies look like?

A

gram positive bacteria; pinkish red colonies

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18
Q

Thioglycollate broth is used to culture what?

A

anaerobic bacteria

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19
Q

What is a positive reaction in a urea tube?

A

pink color change

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20
Q

What is a positive reaction in a Simmons citrate tube?

A

Blue color change

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21
Q

What is mannitol salt agar used for?

A

Selective for Staphylococci

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22
Q

Bismuth sulfite agar suppresses ______ and allows ______ to grow

A

Coliform; salmonella

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23
Q

What are three types of dermatophyte test media?

A

DTM, RMS, EMS

24
Q

Name three sample collection methods

A

Aspiration, swabbing, imprints

25
Q

What specimens should you use sterile aseptic technique?

A

Urine, pustules, ears and fecal

26
Q

What do you need to label a micro sample with?

A

History, owners name, clinic name, address and phone number, signalment of all animals affected, duration, major signs, DDx, organism suspected, treatment, investigation required

27
Q

What is the most common stain (micro)?

A

Gram stain or Ziehl-Neelsen stain

28
Q

What are some simple stains?

A

Crystal violet and methylene blue, lactophenol blue

29
Q

What are the four steps of staining (micro)?

A

Primary stain, mordant, decolorizer, counter stain

30
Q

Gram positive bacteria stain?

A

Purple

31
Q

Gram negative stain?

A

Red

32
Q

KOH verifies what?

A

Gram status

33
Q

Gram negative developer what with a KOH test?

A

Mucoid appearance and sticky strands

34
Q

What some colony characteristics?

A

Size, pigment, density, elevation, form, texture, odor, hemolysis

35
Q

The agar diffusion method uses what?

A

Paper disks impregnated with antimicrobials

36
Q

Indirect sensitivity testing requires what?

A

A colony cultured then subcultured in a broth media, incubated until specific turbidity achieved, and that singel-colony sample is used

37
Q

Direct sensitivity testing requires?

A

Sample is used directly

38
Q

What are the different interpretations of zone sizes?

A

Resistant, susceptible, intermediate susceptibility

39
Q

Why is motility media used?

A

Is organisms are nonmotile on micro exam

40
Q

Catalase tests are performed on?

A

Gram positive cocci and small gram positive bacilli

41
Q

Coagulase test is performed on?

A

Catalase positive and gram positive cocci

42
Q

What is a positive reaction on oxidase activity test?

A

Purple color change within 60 seconds

43
Q

How do you grade a CMT?

A

Negitive, trace or 1,2,3, gelling

44
Q

What supplies do you need for mycology?

A

Forceps, swabs, lactophenol cotton blue stain, potassium hydroxide solution, culture media, woods lamp, cellophane tape, and separate room and incubator

45
Q

DTM turns what color in the presence of dermatophytes?

A

Red

46
Q

The most appropriate specimens for bacterial culture are collected from?

A

From sites that are normally free of bacteria

47
Q

Acid fast stain is used to identify?

A

Mycobacterium and nocardia

48
Q

Organisms that exhibit a gram variable reaction should be evaluated by what test?

A

KOH

49
Q

To collect samples at optimal times it would be best to sample them?

A

Early in the course of the disease

50
Q

__________ is the best way to collect bacterial culture from urine.

A

Cystocentesis

51
Q

MacConkey agar is selective for bacteria that can grow in the presence of bile salts which is similar to the environment found in?

A

The intestines

52
Q

Inoculated media plates are incubated in an inverted position to?

A

Prevent condensation of water on the lid

53
Q

A positive result for the _____ test results in bubbles of oxygen produced on a slide when bacteria are introduced into a drop of hydrogen peroxide.

A

Catalase

54
Q

The most important member of the Bacillis family is?

A

Bacillus anthracis

55
Q

Describe the quadrant streak method

A

First streak on quad of plate (thickest) then make three more streaks ending in the middle of the plate.

56
Q

What is the purpose of the quadrant streak method?

A

To be able to obtain a single colony

Clinical Chemistry 2nd part (4 decks)

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