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Clinical Chemistry 2nd part > Week 7 notes > Flashcards

Week 7 notes Flashcards

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1
Q

Most animals have a smooth, bean-shaped kidneys except? what do they look like?

A

Horses right kidney is heart shaped and bovine kidneys are lobular

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2
Q

Pigments that give color to urine are called?

A

urochromes

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3
Q

what is pollakiuria?

A

an increase in the frequency of urination

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4
Q

what is oliguria?

A

decrease in the volume of urine production

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5
Q

what are the different ways of collecting urine?

A

Voided or free catch, catheterization, cystocentesis, manual expression, or from a surface

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6
Q

What is isosthenuria?

A

when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the glomerular filtrate.

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7
Q

what are the physical properties of urine?

A

volume, color, odor, turbidity, and specific gravity

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8
Q

what is polyuria?

A

increase in the total volume of urine produced

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9
Q

what type of crystals are seen in the urine of horses and rabbits?

A

calcium carbonate crystals

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10
Q

what is urolithiasis?

A

the presence of stones in the urinary tract

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11
Q

what three types of epithelial cells are found in urinary sediment?

A

squamous, transitional, and renal

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12
Q

squamous cells originate in what 5 places?

A

distal urethra, vulva, vagina, prepuce, or voided samples

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13
Q

in concentrated urine, erythrocytes will what?

A

shrink and crenate

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14
Q

what are ghost cells?

A

lysed RBC’s, colorless rings.

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15
Q

where do transitional epithelial cells originate from?

A

bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra

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16
Q

what is the urinary crystal most commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?

A

calcium oxalate monohydrate

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17
Q

Glucose in the urine is called?

A

glucosuria or glycosuria

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18
Q

what is the renal threshold?

A

the specific limit for the reabsorption of specific substances by the nephron

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19
Q

how do you stimulate the following animals to urinate: dog, cat, cattle, sheep, horse?

A

dog- the scent of other dogs, cat-nonabsorbent granules in the litter box, cattle- rub straw or hand ventral to vulva in a circular fashion, sheep- occlude nostrils, horses- warm cloth rubbed on ventral abdomen or clean the stall

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20
Q

you should microscopically analyze urine within ?

A

30 mins to 1 hour

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21
Q

for chemistry you can refrigerate urine up to _______ but less than ______ is best?

A

6-24 hours, 12

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22
Q

what are the different ways of preserving urine?

A

1 gt of 40% formalin per 1oz urine, enough toluene to form a layer on top of the sample, 1 thymol crystal, or 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine

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23
Q

what equipment is needed for urinalysis?

A

pipettes, conical tubes, centrifuge, refractometer, chemical testing supplies, microscope slides and coverslips, and microscope.

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24
Q

What factors affect urine output?

A

fluid intake, external losses, temperature, humidity, food, activity, size, and species

25
Q

what is the normal daily urine output for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle in mL/kg?

A

dog and cat- 20-40, horses- 3-18, and cattle- 17-45

26
Q

what does urine look like with polyuria?

A

usually pale and a low SG

27
Q

what does urine look like with oliguria?

A

very concentrated with a high SG

28
Q

What conditions is polyuria seen with?

A

nephritis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, pyometra, liver disease, and certain medications

29
Q

what conditions is oliguria seen with?

A

restricted access to water, environmental temperature increase, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, and dehydration

30
Q

what conditions is anuria seen with?

A

urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, renal shutdown

31
Q

what are the different colors of urine and what do they mean?

A

light yellow to amber (normal), darker yellow (concentrated), lighter color (less concentrated), yellow-brown or green (bile pigments), or red or brownish (RBC’s or hemoglobin), orange(drugs), brown (myoglobin)

32
Q

In most species urine is what turbidity?

A

clear

33
Q

what is the turbidity of horses and rabbits urine?

A

horses have cloudy urine, rabbits have milky urine

34
Q

how do you check clarity of urine?

A

observe against a letter print background

35
Q

how is turbidity noted as?

A

clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, or turbid/flocculent

36
Q

concentrated dog urine has what odor?

A

a ‘chicken soup’ odor

37
Q

why would urine have an ammonia odor?

A

cystitis, or sample was left out too long

38
Q

why would urine have a sweet or acetone odor?

A

keytones

39
Q

what is specific gravity?

A

weight of a liquid compared to distilled water

40
Q

what is the normal SG range for the dog, cat, horse and cattle?

A

dog: 1.001-1.060, cat: 1.001-1.080, horse: 1.020-1.050, cattle: 1.005-1.040

41
Q

what are some reasons for SG increase?

A

decrease in water intake, fluid loss, increased excretion of solutes, acute renal failure, dehydration or shock

42
Q

what are some reasons for SG decrease?

A

pyometra, diabetes insipidus, liver, renal disease

43
Q

what are the common things that urine test strips test?

A

pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin

44
Q

Urine pH can be affected by?

A

diet, stress, fever, starvation, drugs, urine retention and UTI with urease bacteria

45
Q

what are the three ways to measure protein in urine?

A

reagent strips, sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test, or urine protein/creatinine ratio

46
Q

hematuria causes urine color to turn?

A

cloudy, red, brown or wine colored

47
Q

Urine sediment normally includes?

A

FEW: epithelial cells, mucus threads, RBC’s, WBC’s, casts ,crystals, fat droplets, sperm

48
Q

Abnormal urine sediment includes:

A

More than a few: RBC’s, WBC’s, casts and crystals

49
Q

how do you separate urine sediment?

A
  1. centrifuge urine for 3-5 min at 1,000-2,000 rpm, (5-10 mL of sample is best) 2. Supernatant is poured or pipetted off, leaving approx. 0.5 mL in tube 3. remix by flicking tube
50
Q
A

RBC cast

51
Q
A

calcium carbonate crystals

52
Q
A

Uric Acid crystals

53
Q
A

Struvite Crystals, triple phosphate crystals

54
Q
A

tyrosine crystal

55
Q
A

calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals

56
Q
A

calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals

57
Q
A
58
Q

crystalluria is often:

A
59
Q

when is sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test required?

A

because protein is high

Clinical Chemistry 2nd part (4 decks)

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