Week 7 notes Flashcards
Most animals have a smooth, bean-shaped kidneys except? what do they look like?
Horses right kidney is heart shaped and bovine kidneys are lobular
Pigments that give color to urine are called?
urochromes
what is pollakiuria?
an increase in the frequency of urination
what is oliguria?
decrease in the volume of urine production
what are the different ways of collecting urine?
Voided or free catch, catheterization, cystocentesis, manual expression, or from a surface
What is isosthenuria?
when the urine specific gravity approaches that of the glomerular filtrate.
what are the physical properties of urine?
volume, color, odor, turbidity, and specific gravity
what is polyuria?
increase in the total volume of urine produced
what type of crystals are seen in the urine of horses and rabbits?
calcium carbonate crystals
what is urolithiasis?
the presence of stones in the urinary tract
what three types of epithelial cells are found in urinary sediment?
squamous, transitional, and renal
squamous cells originate in what 5 places?
distal urethra, vulva, vagina, prepuce, or voided samples
in concentrated urine, erythrocytes will what?
shrink and crenate
what are ghost cells?
lysed RBC’s, colorless rings.
where do transitional epithelial cells originate from?
bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, and proximal urethra
what is the urinary crystal most commonly associated with ethylene glycol poisoning?
calcium oxalate monohydrate
Glucose in the urine is called?
glucosuria or glycosuria
what is the renal threshold?
the specific limit for the reabsorption of specific substances by the nephron
how do you stimulate the following animals to urinate: dog, cat, cattle, sheep, horse?
dog- the scent of other dogs, cat-nonabsorbent granules in the litter box, cattle- rub straw or hand ventral to vulva in a circular fashion, sheep- occlude nostrils, horses- warm cloth rubbed on ventral abdomen or clean the stall
you should microscopically analyze urine within ?
30 mins to 1 hour
for chemistry you can refrigerate urine up to _______ but less than ______ is best?
6-24 hours, 12
what are the different ways of preserving urine?
1 gt of 40% formalin per 1oz urine, enough toluene to form a layer on top of the sample, 1 thymol crystal, or 1 part 5% phenol to 9 parts urine
what equipment is needed for urinalysis?
pipettes, conical tubes, centrifuge, refractometer, chemical testing supplies, microscope slides and coverslips, and microscope.
What factors affect urine output?
fluid intake, external losses, temperature, humidity, food, activity, size, and species
what is the normal daily urine output for dogs, cats, horses, and cattle in mL/kg?
dog and cat- 20-40, horses- 3-18, and cattle- 17-45
what does urine look like with polyuria?
usually pale and a low SG
what does urine look like with oliguria?
very concentrated with a high SG
What conditions is polyuria seen with?
nephritis, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, pyometra, liver disease, and certain medications
what conditions is oliguria seen with?
restricted access to water, environmental temperature increase, acute nephritis, fever, shock, heart disease, and dehydration
what conditions is anuria seen with?
urethral obstruction, urinary bladder rupture, renal shutdown
what are the different colors of urine and what do they mean?
light yellow to amber (normal), darker yellow (concentrated), lighter color (less concentrated), yellow-brown or green (bile pigments), or red or brownish (RBC’s or hemoglobin), orange(drugs), brown (myoglobin)
In most species urine is what turbidity?
clear
what is the turbidity of horses and rabbits urine?
horses have cloudy urine, rabbits have milky urine
how do you check clarity of urine?
observe against a letter print background
how is turbidity noted as?
clear, slightly cloudy, cloudy, or turbid/flocculent
concentrated dog urine has what odor?
a ‘chicken soup’ odor
why would urine have an ammonia odor?
cystitis, or sample was left out too long
why would urine have a sweet or acetone odor?
keytones
what is specific gravity?
weight of a liquid compared to distilled water
what is the normal SG range for the dog, cat, horse and cattle?
dog: 1.001-1.060, cat: 1.001-1.080, horse: 1.020-1.050, cattle: 1.005-1.040
what are some reasons for SG increase?
decrease in water intake, fluid loss, increased excretion of solutes, acute renal failure, dehydration or shock
what are some reasons for SG decrease?
pyometra, diabetes insipidus, liver, renal disease
what are the common things that urine test strips test?
pH, protein, glucose, ketones, blood, bilirubin
Urine pH can be affected by?
diet, stress, fever, starvation, drugs, urine retention and UTI with urease bacteria
what are the three ways to measure protein in urine?
reagent strips, sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test, or urine protein/creatinine ratio
hematuria causes urine color to turn?
cloudy, red, brown or wine colored
Urine sediment normally includes?
FEW: epithelial cells, mucus threads, RBC’s, WBC’s, casts ,crystals, fat droplets, sperm
Abnormal urine sediment includes:
More than a few: RBC’s, WBC’s, casts and crystals
how do you separate urine sediment?
- centrifuge urine for 3-5 min at 1,000-2,000 rpm, (5-10 mL of sample is best) 2. Supernatant is poured or pipetted off, leaving approx. 0.5 mL in tube 3. remix by flicking tube
RBC cast
calcium carbonate crystals
Uric Acid crystals
Struvite Crystals, triple phosphate crystals
tyrosine crystal
calcium oxalate dihydrate crystals
calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals
crystalluria is often:
when is sulfosalicylic acid turbidity test required?
because protein is high
