Week 8: Norms Flashcards
the act of assigning numbers or symbols to characteristics of things (people, events, whatever) according to rules
Measurement
The rules used in assigning numbers are guidelines for representing the _____ (or some other characteristic) of the object being measured
magnitude
In measurements there is assigned…
interpretations
Test results is represented by numbers or…
assigned values
a set of numbers (or other symbols) whose properties model empirical properties of the objects to which the numbers are assigned.
scale
Type of Variables
- Discrete Variables
- Continuous Variable
consist of indivisible categories (cannot be seen)
Discrete Variables
infinitely divisible into whatever units a researcher may choose (numbers)
Continious Variable
Scale Measurement: According to Type of Variable Being Measured
- Continuous Scale
- Discrete Scale
scale that is infinite
Continuous Scale
involve classification or categorization based on one or more distinguishing characteristics, where all things measured must be placed into mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories
Nominal Scale
scale that thas a finite number of possible values
Discrete Scale
In numerical scale, ____ are used as labels (no numerical prop)
numbers
Nominal scales are data that record…
categories
_____: nominal scales represent a rather low level of measurement
Unordered set
for questions that ask gender, yes or no, can nominal scale be used?
yes
Classification and rank ordering on some characteristic is permissible with…
ordinal scales
Ordinal scales record information about the rank order of…
scores
For what measures can ordinal scale be used?
First, Second, 1, 2, Test Scores
Median, Percentile
Rank w/o corrections =
normal ranking
Rank w/ corrections =
add those with same values, divide kung ilan sila
contain equal intervals between numbers
Interval Scales
Interval scales tell us about the order of data points, and the size of the intervals in between data points.
Yes
where can interval scales be used?
mean, standard deviation, correlation, regression, analysis of variance
√Variance =
Standard deviation
an interval scale with a true zero point.
Ratio Scale
A ratio scale is a measurement of data which permits the comparison of differences of values
yes
All ____ permitted for interval scales plus the following: geometric mean, harmonic mean, coefficient of variation, logarithms
statistics
____ of measurement is most frequently used in psychology
Ordinal level
Developed through SAMPLING – Deriving a representative group of the population – a sample
Norm
Types of Sampling
Random Sampling
Statified Sampling
Purposive Sampling
Convenience (Incidental) Sampling
Set of individuals selected from a population. Representative of the population.
Sample
type of sampling wherein each element has a known probability of being sampled
Probability Sampling
type of sampling wherein each element has an unknown probability of being sampled
Nonprobability Sampling
Whoever is available; randomly
Simple Random Sampling
a probability sampling method where researchers select members of the population at a regular interval
Systematic Sampling
creating subgroups in a dataset according to various factors, such as age, gender, income level, or education.
Stratified Random Sampling
what are stratas?
homogeneous subpopulations (the plural of stratum) based on specific characteristics (e.g., race, gender identity, location, etc.)
an approach to stratified sampling in which the size of the sample from each stratum or level is not in proportion to the size of that stratum or level in the total population.
Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling
involves taking random samples from stratified groups, in proportion to the population.
Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling
researchers divide a population into smaller groups known as clusters. They then randomly select among these clusters to form a sample.
Cluster Sampling
combination of strategies or methods of sampling
Combined-strategy Sampling
refers to intentionally selecting participants based on their characteristics, knowledge, experiences, or some other criteria.
purposive sampling
select a predetermined number or proportion of units with specific characteristics in a non-random manner.
QUOTA SAMPLING
non-probability sampling method where units are selected for inclusion in the sample because they are the easiest for the researcher to access.
CONVENIENCE SAMPLING
what 2 samplings are incidental and dependent on the willingness and availability of respondents
Quota Sampling and Convenience Sampling
a purposeful and iterative sampling technique used in qualitative research, specifically within Grounded Theory methodology. Involves selecting participants, cases, or contexts based on their potential to contribute to the development and refinement of theoretical concepts.
Theoretical Sampling
a sample from a larger group that accurately represents the characteristics of a larger population.
Sample Representative
the number of participants or observations included in a study.
Sample Size
How large a sample we need is based on
alpha level
effect size
power
what reveals confidence level
alpha level
tells you how meaningful the relationship between variables or the difference between groups is.
Effect Size
the likelihood that a researcher will find a significant result (an effect) in a sample if such an effect exists in the population being studied
Power
Types of Norms
Developmental Norms
Within Group Norms
indicates how far along the normal development path an individual has progressed
Developmental Norms
the individual’s performance is evaluated in terms of the performance of the most nearly comparable standardization group.
Within Group Norms
Types of Developmental Norms
Age Norm
Grade Norms
Mental Age
Ordinal Scale
Age-equivalent scores
- Indicate the average performance of different samples of test takers who were at various ages at the time the test was administered
Age Norm
There are no tests for specific age groups
False
designed to indicate the average test performance of test-takers in a given school grade.
Grade Norms
A child’s score on a test corresponds to the highest year level or age that he can complete.
Mental Age
Mental age can be higher or lower than the actual age
True
Identify the stage reached by the child in the development of a specific behavior function
Ordinal Scale
Types of Within Group Norms
Percentile
National Norm
an expression of the percentage of people whose score on a test or measure falls below a particular raw score
Percentile
Percentile distribution is divided into
100 equal parts - %
Derived from a normative sample that was nationally representative of the population at the time the norming study was conducted
National Norms
where is National Norms usually used for?
Socioeconomic Status
National Norms can be used for a particular ethnicity
True
a score is interpreted by comparing it with the scores obtained by others on the same test
Norm-Referenced Testing
uses specified content domain rather than a specified population of persons
Criterion-Referenced
who proposed Criterion-Referenced
Glaser, 1963
In norm-referenced testing, the higher the score fo the topnotcher, the lower the number of passers
true
___ percent of the topnotcher’s score is set as the passing score
60
In criterion-referenced, there is a specific criteria
true
