Week 8 - Mechanics of walking + Week 9

Question 1

Stance phase

Answer 1

0-60% of gait cycle

Question 2

Swing phase

Answer 2

60-100% of gait cycle (40%)

Question 3

Step length

Answer 3

Measured by heel strike on 1 foot > heel strike on other foot (single step)

Question 4

Step time

Answer 4

The time it takes for you to do each step

Question 5

Stride length

Answer 5

2 steps - heel strike on 1 foot to heel strike on the same foot again (encompasses both stance + swing phase)

Question 6

Stride time

Answer 6

Time it takes to complete a stride

Question 7

Walking speed

Answer 7

Most common measure of peoples ability to walk

- Vital to determine how well someone’s walking + overall general health.

Question 8

Cadence

Answer 8

Rate of stepping in steps/min

Question 9

10 metre walk test

Answer 9

Most common step test in practice

- Issues: not very accurate b/c its an avg. betw 2 feet + most people we see will have unilat. issues.

Question 10

Peak walking speed for men and woman based on age

Answer 10

men - 30-59

women - 40-49

Question 11

Average speed (m/s)

Answer 11

1.4 m/s

Question 12

Cadence (steps/min)

Answer 12

90-120 steps/min

Question 13

Stride length (m)

Answer 13

1.44 m

Question 14

Step width

Answer 14

.05-.1 m

Question 15

Important components of walking: stance phase

Answer 15

• Extension of hip throughout
• Flx. of knee (0-10) on heel strike, then ext. thru midstance + flx. prior to toe-off
• DF of the ankle until the end of stance + then fast PF
• Lateral horizontal shift of the pelvis + trunk

Question 16

Important components of walking: swing phase

Answer 16

• Flexion of knee w/ hip in ext.
• Hip flexion
• DF of ankle throughout
• Slight lateral pelvic tilt downwards
• Rotation of pelvis fwd.
• Ext. of knee prior to heel strike

Question 17

Kinetics of walking: power

Answer 17

• Power = energy/time (watts or Joules/sec)

- Structures that can generate power/absorb energy = muscles + other soft tissue.

Question 18

Created power

Answer 18

+ power = concentric

Question 19

Absorbed power

Answer 19

• power = eccentric contraction

Question 20

power during walking - knee

Answer 20

K1 - (-) increased knee flexion = knee ext. working eccentrically to control flx.
K2 - (+) concentric knee extensors during midstance
K3 - (-) Knee going into a lot of flx. so extensors (rec.fem) is working eccent. to control flx @ end of stance
K4 - (-) Knee flexors (HS) working eccent. to slow down shank fwd./ext. of knee.

Question 21

Power during walking - HIp

Answer 21

H1: (+) Small concentric hip extension (not always present) during loading
H2: (-) Eccentric hip flexor during mid-stance
H3: (+) Concentric hip flex. during end-stance & early swing (pulls leg off ground + cont. hip flex into swing)

Question 22

Power during walking - Ankle

Answer 22

A1 - (-) PF/calf working ecc. thru majority of stance to slow you down
A2 - (+) Concentric PF, push-off, biggest power output of entire gait cycle

Question 23

Concentric activity occurs primary in:

Answer 23

Double support

• Hip extensors @ beginning of stance
• Hip flexors @ end of stance
• Ankle PF @ end of stance

Question 24

Remaining activity in single support is:

Answer 24

Eccentric

• Ankle DF to lower foot
• Hip Flexors
• Hip abductors to control lateral displacement CoM on stance leg
• Knee extensors
• Ankle PF

Question 25

Walking speed

Answer 25

Physiological walker, limited household walker, unlimited household walker (not fast enough to walk in the community)

Question 26

Walking speed .4-.8m/s

Answer 26

Most-limited community walker | Least-limited community walker

Question 27

Walking speed >.8m/s

Answer 27

Community walker

Question 28

Non-ambulatory

Answer 28

Can't walk; target main impairments contributing to inability to walk (weakness/poor coordination) - Mechanically assisted (treadmill w BWS)

Question 29

Ambulatory

Answer 29

Can walk; strengthening with task specific retraining, walking training, treadmill, cueing, stairs

Question 30

What swing muscles, if weak, are associated with being slow?

Answer 30

Ankle DF & Hip Flexors

Question 31

Who is treadmill training more likely to benefit?

Answer 31

People who walk at a speed of >.4m/s (faster walkers)

Question 32

How to measure & train automaticity of walking?

Answer 32

By challenging cognitively (talking) or physically (obstacles)

Question 33

Common gait deviations

Answer 33

``` Reduced walking speed Reduced step length Reduced cadence Increase step width Increased time in double support phase ```

Question 34

Common deviations in early stance

Answer 34

- Lack of heel strike (foot flat/toe strike) | - Reduced knee flx. or hyperext. of knee - Increased knee flx. (collapse fwd.)

Question 35

Common deviations mid-stance

Answer 35

- Reduced DF - Hyperext. of knee - Increased knee flx. - Reduced hip ext. - Reduced lateral pelvic shift (weight shift to stance leg/add.)

Question 36

Common deviations late stance

Answer 36

- Reduced ankle PF - Reduced knee flx. - Reduced hip ext.

Question 37

Common deviations early swing

Answer 37

- Reduced ankle DF - Reduced knee flx. - Reduced hip flx.

Question 38

Common deviations mid-late swing

Answer 38

- Reduced ankle DF - Reduced hip flx. - Circumduction of swing leg - Decreased knee ext. prior to heel strike.