Week 4 - Principles of training to enhance motor learning/performance Flashcards
Gross vs. fine motor skills
Large v small
Continuous vs. discrete
- Discrete: clear start + end point (sit to stand)
- Continuous: Repetitive (walking/running)
Open vs. closed chain
- Open: Targeting specific muscle (i.e. leg ext./bi. curl) (single joint movement)
- Closed chain: Distal end (i.e. hand/foot) are in a fixed position (push-ups, squats) (multi-joint)
Gentiles taxonomy
- Stationary vs. motion: surface/envir. are moving
- Inter-trial variability: Doing the same task 5x’s & not elicit the same response on each attempt (i.e. walking on TM @ same speed/variable speed)
- Manipulation vs. none: Involving an object > learner must manipulate the object + skill increases in complexity bc doing 2 things @ once
Fitts + Posner’s stages of learning are:
Cognitive phase, intermediate, final autonomous
Cognitive phase
- Rely on verbal feedback +environmental info to perform a task
- Make a lot of mistakes, nothing is routine/automatic
Intermediate phase
- Focus on quality of movement
- Mass practice - improvements, better @ self-evaluating
Final autonomous stage
- Less cog. effort
- Less attention required
- Can problem solve
Tools to use for training:
Verbal instruction, demonstration (initial stages), modelling, timing, feedback/motivation, manual guidance
Internal focus
Relates to a person’s body (i.e. stand up & use your body)
External focus
Better at improving motor performance
- Effect of movement relative to environment; Using environment to get feedback of performance (i.e. move hips towards table)
Complicating the task does what?
Promotes flexibility of performance (they can adapt to a changing environment/setting) + automaticity (to do it w/o thinking about it)
Strategies for increasing practice
Mental practice, protocols, workstations, classes, use community settings
Biomechanics defintion:
The study of forces + the effects of those forces on & within the body
- Includes: kinematics (joint displacement, velocity, acceleration) / kinetics
How often do you want to give feedback?
50-60% of the time
