Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSYC317 Test 2 > Week 8 Lecture Content (Sex & Gender II) > Flashcards

Week 8 Lecture Content (Sex & Gender II) Flashcards

1
Q

Detail the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and explain its role in Developmental Mechanisms

Be specific with brain regions, hormones, and downstream effects. How/where do kisspeptin and oxytocin fit into the HPG axis?

Lecture 24 on activational mechanisms, and the role of kisspeptin and oxytocin

A
  • HPG axis suppression during childhood; circhoral (hourly) rhythm of GnRH secretion initiates puberty.
  • Puberty triggers GnRH release from hypothalamus, leading to LH & FSH release from the anterior pituitary.
  • LH & FSH stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones (testosterone, oestrogen) and gametes (sperm, eggs), enabling sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristic development.
  • Kisspeptin acts as a permissive factor for puberty initiation. It stimulates GnRH-producing neurons and modulates HPG axis function.
  • Oxytocin promotes pair bonding and sexual behaviours through modulation of the HPG axis and limbic system.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Detail the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and explain its role in Activational Mechanisms

Be specific with brain regions, hormones, and downstream effects. How/where do kisspeptin and oxytocin fit into the HPG axis?

Lecture 24 on activational mechanisms, and the role of kisspeptin and oxytocin

A

In adulthood, HPG axis activation facilitates reproductive readiness:
- Secondary sex characteristics develop to attract mates.
- Libido activation encourages sexual behaviour.
- Pair bonding promotes successful reproduction and care of offspring.

Oxytocin also aids in pair bonding by increasing feelings of trust and attachment in intimate relationships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Puberty triggers ____ release from hypothalamus, leading to ___ & ___ release from the anterior pituitary.

A

GnRH, LH & FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Puberty triggers GnRH release from ___________, leading to LH & FSH release from the __________ _________.

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

___ & ___ stimulate gonads to produce sex hormones (testosterone, oestrogen) and gametes (sperm, eggs), enabling sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristic development.

A

LH & FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

LH & FSH stimulate _______ to produce sex hormones (testosterone, oestrogen) and _______ (sperm, eggs), enabling sexual maturation and secondary sex characteristic development.

A

gonads, gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

_______ acts as a permissive factor for puberty initiation. It stimulates _____-producing neurons and modulates HPG axis function.

A

Kisspeptin, GnRH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

________ promotes pair bonding and sexual behaviours through modulation of the HPG axis and limbic system.

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

In adulthood, HPG axis activation facilitates reproductive readiness:
- _________ _____ ________ develop to attract mates.
- Libido activation encourages sexual behaviour.
- _____ ________ promotes successful reproduction and care of offspring.

A

Secondary sex characteristics, Pair bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

_______ also aids in pair bonding by increasing feelings of trust and attachment in intimate relationships.

A

Oxytocin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain the main stages of gender transitioning, including the phases of hormone therapy.

Lecture 22 notes on gender transitioning

A

Stage 1: Life experience & psychological assessment
- 2+ years of living in the preferred gender identity without hormone or surgical interventions.
- Psychological evaluations and behavioural changes (pronouns, dressing, etc.) improve mental well-being.

Stage 2: Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT)
- Involves oestrogen-based (E-GAHT) or testosterone-based (T-GAHT) hormone therapy.
- Requires diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria and involves careful monitoring.
- Hormone initiation is slow and requires long-term follow-up with adjustments over time.

Stage 3: Surgical intervention
- Available only after 1+ year of continuous GAHT.
- Can include gonad removal, genital alterations, and breast augmentation.

Stage 4: Long-term follow-up
- Lifelong hormone therapy and psychological support required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Explain Stage 1 of gender transitioning

A

Stage 1: Life experience & psychological assessment
- 2+ years of living in the preferred gender identity without hormone or surgical interventions.
- Psychological evaluations and behavioural changes (pronouns, dressing, etc.) improve mental well-being.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain Stage 2 of gender transitioning

A

Stage 2: Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT)
- Involves oestrogen-based (E-GAHT) or testosterone-based (T-GAHT) hormone therapy.
- Requires diagnosis of Gender Dysphoria and involves careful monitoring.
- Hormone initiation is slow and requires long-term follow-up with adjustments over time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Explain Stage 3 of gender transitioning

A

Stage 3: Surgical intervention
- Available only after 1+ year of continuous GAHT.
- Can include gonad removal, genital alterations, and breast augmentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Explain Stage 4 of gender transitioning

A

Stage 4: Long-term follow-up
- Lifelong hormone therapy and psychological support required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Stage 1 of gender transitioning:
_____ _________ & __________ __________
- __ years of living in the preferred gender identity without ______ or _______ interventions.
- ________ _________ and behavioural changes (pronouns, dressing, etc.) improve mental well-being.

A

Stage 1 of gender transitioning:
Life experience & psychological assessment
- 2+ years of living in the preferred gender identity without hormone or surgical interventions.
- Psychological evaluations and behavioural changes (pronouns, dressing, etc.) improve mental well-being.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Stage 2 of gender transitioning:
_______ _______ _______ _______
- Involves ________-based or ________-based hormone therapy.
- Requires diagnosis of ______ ______ and involves careful monitoring.
- Hormone initiation is slow and requires long-term follow-up with adjustments over time.

A

Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy (GAHT)
oestrogen-based (E-GAHT) or testosterone-(T-GAHT)
Gender Dysphoria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stage 3 of gender transitioning:
_________ ________
- Available only after ___ year of continuous GAHT.
- Can include _____ removal, _____ alterations, and _______ augmentation.

A

Stage 3 of gender transitioning:
Surgical intervention
- Available only after 1+ year of continuous GAHT.
- Can include gonad removal, genital alterations, and breast augmentation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Stage 4 of gender transitioning:
__________ _________
- ________ hormone therapy and psychological support required.

A

Stage 4 of gender transitioning:
Long-term follow-up
- Lifelong hormone therapy and psychological support required.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are ‘puberty blockers’ and why/when would they be used? Why do they work?

A

Puberty blockers:
- GnRH analogs that suppress the HPG axis, halting the release of LH/FSH and preventing the production of testosterone/oestrogen.
- Used to delay puberty, especially in transgender youth, to give them time to explore gender identity without developing secondary sex characteristics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Be able to describe histrelin’s (Supprelin’s™) mechanism of action, mode of action, and route of administration.

A

Histrelin (Supprelin™):
- Mechanism: Continuous activation of GnRH receptors leads to their desensitisation, thus stopping the HPG cascade.
- Mode: Administered via subcutaneous implant (usually in the upper arm), releasing over 12 months.
- Effects: Blocks development of unwanted features like breast growth or voice deepening.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Puberty blockers are _____ analogs that suppress the HPG axis, halting the release of ___/____ and preventing the production of testosterone/oestrogen.

A

GnRH, LH/FSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Puberty blockers are GnRH analogs that suppress the ____ ____, halting the release of LH/FSH and preventing the production of _________/_________.

A

HPG axis, testosterone/oestrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Histrelin (Supprelin™) enables continuous activation of _____ receptors, leading to their desensitisation, thus stopping the ____ cascade.

A

GnRH, HPG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
____________ enables continuous activation of GnRH receptors, leading to their desensitisation, thus stopping the HBG cascade.
Histrelin (Supprelin™)
26
Histrelin (Supprelin™) is administered via __________ ________, releasing over ___ months.
subcutaneous implant (usually in the upper arm), 12 months
27
From the lecture and video clip that was shown, what are the pros associated with puberty blockers and GAHT?
- Can be life-saving by preventing distress from gender-incongruent puberty. - Claimed to be reversible and provide time for decision-making regarding GAHT or surgical options. - Reduces suicidal ideation in transgender youth.
28
From the lecture and video clip that was shown, what are the cons associated with puberty blockers and GAHT?
- Unclear long-term effects, especially on bone health and brain development. - 95% of individuals on puberty blockers proceed to GAHT, suggesting it may not be a true "pause." - Concerns about informed consent, especially for children under 18.
29
What is the evidence on Gender Identity and Transition Regret?
- Studies show a low rate of transition regret (0.5-8%), with detransition often due to external pressures rather than internal dissatisfaction. - Debate about how persistent gender identity is in adolescence.
30
What was the “Cass Review”?
- Independent review of gender services for youth in the UK. - Found weak evidence supporting puberty blockers, leading to their restriction except in clinical trials (as of June 2024).
31
__% of individuals on puberty blockers proceed to GAHT, suggesting it may not be a true "pause."
95%
32
Studies show a ___ rate of transition regret (___-___%), with detransition often due to external pressures rather than internal dissatisfaction.
low, 0.5-8%
33
The ____ Review: - Independent review of gender services for youth in the UK. - Found weak evidence supporting puberty blockers, leading to their restriction except in clinical trials (as of June 2024).
Cass
34
Describe the 1st activation that occurs to prepare sexual behaviours in maturity. Lecture 24 on activational mechanisms
Activation 1: Sexual maturation & secondary sex characteristics - Driven by the HPG axis, the release of testosterone and oestrogen results in the development of secondary sexual characteristics like breast development, voice deepening, and muscle mass. - These physical changes enhance mate attraction and reproductive readiness.
35
Describe the 2nd activation that occurs to prepare sexual behaviours in maturity. Lecture 24 on activational mechanisms
Activation 2: Libido activation (Sexual desire) - Sex hormones, particularly testosterone, stimulate the areas of the brain associated with libido and sexual motivation. - Kisspeptin plays a role in stimulating the HPG axis and indirectly promotes sexual desire.
36
Describe the 3rd activation that occurs to prepare sexual behaviours in maturity. Lecture 24 on activational mechanisms
Activation 3: Pair bonding and social behaviour - Oxytocin and vasopressin are crucial for pair bonding, promoting attachment and social bonding between partners. - These hormones influence areas of the brain like the limbic system, which is linked to emotional regulation and attachment behaviours.
37
Name the 3 main ‘activations’ that occur to prepare sexual behaviours in maturity. - Activation 1: - Activation 2: - Activation 3: Lecture 24 on activational mechanisms
- Activation 1: Sexual maturation & secondary sex characteristics - Activation 2: Libido activation (Sexual desire) - Activation 3: Pair bonding and social behaviour
38
Activation 1: Sexual maturation & secondary sex characteristics - Driven by the ____ ____, the release of __________ and ________ results in the development of _________ sexual characteristics like breast development, voice deepening, and muscle mass. - These physical changes enhance mate attraction and reproductive readiness.
Activation 1: Sexual maturation & secondary sex characteristics - Driven by the HPG axis, the release of testosterone and oestrogen results in the development of secondary sexual characteristics like breast development, voice deepening, and muscle mass. - These physical changes enhance mate attraction and reproductive readiness.
39
Activation 2: Libido activation (Sexual desire) - Sex __________, particularly _______, stimulate the areas of the brain associated with libido and sexual motivation. - ________ plays a role in stimulating the _____ _____ and indirectly promotes sexual desire.
Activation 2: Libido activation (Sexual desire) - Sex hormones, particularly testosterone, stimulate the areas of the brain associated with libido and sexual motivation. - Kisspeptin plays a role in stimulating the HPG axis and indirectly promotes sexual desire.
40
Activation 3: Pair bonding and social behaviour - ________ and ________ are crucial for pair bonding, promoting attachment and social bonding between partners. - These hormones influence areas of the brain like the _______ _______, which is linked to emotional regulation and attachment behaviours.
Activation 3: Pair bonding and social behaviour - Oxytocin and vasopressin are crucial for pair bonding, promoting attachment and social bonding between partners. - These hormones influence areas of the brain like the limbic system, which is linked to emotional regulation and attachment behaviours.
41
In theory, how would a GnRH analogue influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
42
In theory, how would a testosterone analogue influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Exogenous testosterone provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing GnRH, LH, and FSH, thereby lowering sperm production and fertility.
43
In theory, how would an oestrogen-progestogen combination pill influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Works similarly to female contraceptives, suppressing the HPG axis through negative feedback, preventing ovulation in females or reducing spermatogenesis in males.
44
In theory, how would a kisspeptin receptor antagonist influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Blocks kisspeptin from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
45
In theory, how would a combination pill containing FSH+LH receptor antagonists influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
46
In theory, how would an oxytocin receptor agonist influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Primarily affects social bonding and pair-bonding behaviours rather than direct reproductive functions, with minimal impact on fertility.
47
In theory, how would a PDE5 inhibitor influence the HPG axis and subsequently fertility? Assume that it comes in an effective oral ROA, taken daily.
Works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the HPG axis or fertility directly. It facilitates erections but has no effect on hormonal regulation. (E.g. Viagra)
48
GnRH __________ mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
GnRH analogue mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
49
GnRH analogue ________ GnRH and leads to _________ activation, which __________ GnRH receptors and __________ LH/FSH release, __________ gonadal function and fertility.
GnRH analogue mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
50
GnRH analogue mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH _________ and suppresses ___/___ release, halting __________ function and fertility.
GnRH analogue mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
51
_____ analogue mimics _____ and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises _____ receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
GnRH analogue mimics GnRH and leads to continuous activation, which desensitises GnRH receptors and suppresses LH/FSH release, halting gonadal function and fertility.
52
___________ ________ provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing GnRH, LH, and FSH, thereby lowering sperm production and fertility.
Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogue provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing GnRH, LH, and FSH, thereby lowering sperm production and fertility.
53
Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogue provides ________ feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, ________ GnRH, LH, and FSH, thereby _______ sperm production and fertility.
Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogue provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing GnRH, LH, and FSH, thereby lowering sperm production and fertility.
54
Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogue provides negative feedback to the _____________ and ________, reducing _____, ____, and ____, thereby lowering sperm production and fertility.
Exogenous testosterone/testosterone analogue provides negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary, reducing GnRH, LH, and FSH, thereby lowering sperm production and fertility.
55
___________-__________ combination pill works similarly to female contraceptives, suppressing the HPG axis through negative feedback, preventing ovulation in females or reducing spermatogenesis in males.
Oestrogen-progestogen combination pill works similarly to female contraceptives, suppressing the HPG axis through negative feedback, preventing ovulation in females or reducing spermatogenesis in males.
56
Oestrogen-progestogen combination pill works similarly to female contraceptives, suppressing the ____ _____ through negative feedback, preventing ________ in females or reducing ___________ in males.
Oestrogen-progestogen combination pill works similarly to female contraceptives, suppressing the HPG axis through negative feedback, preventing ovulation in females or reducing spermatogenesis in males.
57
Oestrogen-progestogen combination pill works similarly to female contraceptives, ___________ the HPG axis through __________ feedback, ___________ ovulation in females or ____________ spermatogenesis in males.
suppressing; negative; reducing
58
Kisspeptin receptor ___________ blocks kisspeptin from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist blocks kisspeptin from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
59
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist ________ kisspeptin activating GnRH-producing neurons, __________ the release of GnRH, and subsequently _________ fertility by __________ LH/FSH.
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist blocks kisspeptin from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
60
___________ receptor antagonist blocks _________ from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist blocks kisspeptin from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
61
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist blocks kisspeptin from activating _____-producing neurons, reducing the release of _____, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing __/___.
Kisspeptin receptor antagonist blocks kisspeptin from activating GnRH-producing neurons, reducing the release of GnRH, and subsequently lowering fertility by decreasing LH/FSH.
62
_____and ____ receptor antagonists directly block the effects of ___ and ___ at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
FSH and LH receptor antagonists directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
63
FSH + LH receptor ___________ directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
FSH + LH receptor antagonists directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
64
FSH + LH receptor antagonists directly _______ the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, __________ spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
FSH + LH receptor antagonists directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
65
FSH + LH receptor antagonists directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the ________, preventing _________ in males and __________ in females.
FSH + LH receptor antagonists directly block the effects of LH and FSH at the gonads, preventing spermatogenesis in males and ovulation in females.
66
Oxytocin receptor _________ primarily affects social bonding and pair-bonding behaviours rather than direct reproductive functions, with minimal impact on fertility.
agonist
67
________ receptor agonist primarily affects social bonding and pair-bonding behaviours rather than direct reproductive functions, with minimal impact on fertility.
Oxytocin receptor agonist primarily affects social bonding and pair-bonding behaviours rather than direct reproductive functions, with minimal impact on fertility.
68
Oxytocin receptor agonist primarily affects _________ ________ and ______ ________ behaviours rather than direct _________ functions, with minimal impact on _______.
Oxytocin receptor agonist primarily affects social bonding and pair-bonding behaviours rather than direct reproductive functions, with minimal impact on fertility.
69
_______ ________ (e.g., Viagra) works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the HPG axis or fertility directly. It facilitates erections but has no effect on hormonal regulation.
PDE5 inhibitor (e.g., Viagra) works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the HPG axis or fertility directly. It facilitates erections but has no effect on hormonal regulation.
70
PDE5 inhibitor (e.g., _______) works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the HPG axis or fertility directly. It facilitates erections but has no effect on hormonal regulation.
PDE5 inhibitor (e.g., Viagra) works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the HPG axis or fertility directly. It facilitates erections but has no effect on hormonal regulation.
71
PDE5 inhibitor (e.g., Viagra) works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the _____ ______ or _________ directly. It facilitates _________ but has no effect on __________ regulation.
PDE5 inhibitor (e.g., Viagra) works by enhancing blood flow and does not affect the HPG axis or fertility directly. It facilitates erections but has no effect on hormonal regulation.
72
In male rats castration reduces libido and copulatory behaviours. ______________ supplementation restores sexual behaviours, but increasing ___________ further does not result in increased libido beyond the baseline.
In male rats castration reduces libido and copulatory behaviours. Testosterone supplementation restores sexual behaviours, but increasing testosterone further does not result in increased libido beyond the baseline.
73
Do higher testosterone levels correlate with higher sex drive?
No
74
In female rats ovary removal reduces ________ and ________ sexual behaviours. Estradiol supplementation restores sexual behaviour, indicating that oestrogen plays a role in promoting female sexual behaviour.
In female rats ovary removal reduces proceptive and receptive sexual behaviours. Estradiol supplementation restores sexual behaviour, indicating that oestrogen plays a role in promoting female sexual behaviour.
75
In female rats ovary removal reduces proceptive and receptive sexual behaviours. _______ supplementation restores sexual behaviour, indicating that _________ plays a role in promoting female sexual behaviour.
In female rats ovary removal reduces proceptive and receptive sexual behaviours. Estradiol supplementation restores sexual behaviour, indicating that oestrogen plays a role in promoting female sexual behaviour.
76
Menopause or ovary removal affects libido variably, and __________ _________ _________ with oestrogen and progesterone can help restore it.
Menopause or ovary removal affects libido variably, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with oestrogen and progesterone can help restore it.
77
_________ supplementation in women has shown mixed results, with no consistent evidence that it boosts libido significantly.
Testosterone supplementation in women has shown mixed results, with no consistent evidence that it boosts libido significantly.
78
Testosterone supplementation in women has shown ______ results, with ________ evidence that it boosts libido significantly.
Testosterone supplementation in women has shown mixed results, with no consistent evidence that it boosts libido significantly.
79
What is the mechanism and mode of action of Viagra?
- Mechanism of action: PDE5 inhibitor, which increases nitric oxide and enhances blood flow to the penis, facilitating erections. - Mode of action: Vasodilation, primarily effective for erectile dysfunction; does not influence libido directly. Use for libido: Not useful as a libido booster, as it only enhances physical capability, not sexual desire.
80
What is the mechanism and mode of action of Addyi?
- Mechanism of action: Affects serotonin receptors by decreasing serotonin and increasing dopamine and norepinephrine levels. - Mode of action: Targets the brain's reward system, aiming to increase sexual desire in females with Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (FSIAD).
81
Would Viagra be useful as a libido-boosting treatment?
Not useful as a libido booster, as it only enhances physical capability, not sexual desire.
82
Would Addyi be useful as a libido-boosting treatment?
Mixed efficacy; may slightly increase libido, but its effects are often comparable to placebo.
83
Viagra (sildenafil): - Mechanism of action: _____ inhibitor, which increases nitric oxide and enhances blood flow to the penis, facilitating erections. - Mode of action: ________, primarily effective for erectile dysfunction; does not influence libido directly.
PDE5; Vasodilation
84
Viagra (sildenafil): - Mechanism of action: PDE5 _________, which increases ______ ______ and enhances blood flow to the penis, facilitating erections. - Mode of action: Vasodilation, primarily effective for erectile dysfunction; does not influence libido directly.
Viagra (sildenafil): - Mechanism of action: PDE5 inhibitor, which increases nitric oxide and enhances blood flow to the penis, facilitating erections. - Mode of action: Vasodilation, primarily effective for erectile dysfunction; does not influence libido directly.
85
Addyi (flibanserin): - Mechanism of action: Affects ________ receptors by decreasing ________ and increasing __________ and _____________ levels.
serotonin; serotonin; dopamine; norepinephrine.
86
Addyi (flibanserin): Mode of action: Targets the brain's reward system, aiming to increase sexual desire in females with __________________________________________.
Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (FSIAD).
87
Addyi (flibanserin): Mode of action: Targets the ______ ______ ______, aiming to increase sexual desire in females with Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (FSIAD).
Addyi (flibanserin): Mode of action: Targets the brain's reward system, aiming to increase sexual desire in females with Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (FSIAD).
88
The HPG axis starts with the release of ______ from the hypothalamus, which triggers the pituitary to release ______ and ______.
GnRH, LH, FSH
89
During puberty, the HPG axis initiates the development of ______ sex characteristics and the production of ______ in males and ______ in females.
secondary, testosterone, estrogen
90
Kisspeptin is a peptide hormone that activates ______ neurons, triggering the release of ______ and starting puberty.
GnRH, GnRH
91
Oxytocin promotes pair bonding and attachment by acting on the ______ system and modulating the ______ axis.
limbic, HPG
92
The first stage of transitioning involves living as the preferred gender identity for at least ______ years, which is associated with improved ______ _____.
two, mental well-being
93
GAHT stands for ______, and the two primary forms are ______-GAHT and ______-GAHT.
Gender Affirming Hormone Therapy, E, T
94
Surgical intervention is typically only available after ______ year(s) of continuous hormone therapy and includes procedures like ______ removal.
one, gonad
95
Transitioning requires long-term follow-up that includes both ______ and ______ specialists.
psychiatric, endocrinological
96
Puberty blockers work by mimicking ______, which leads to desensitisation of ______ receptors and halts puberty.
GnRH, GnRH
97
The main effect of puberty blockers is to prevent the release of ______ and ______, stopping the development of secondary sex characteristics.
testosterone, estrogen
98
Histrelin (Supprelin™) is typically administered via a subcutaneous ______, which lasts about ______ months.
Histrelin (Supprelin™) is typically administered via a subcutaneous ______, which lasts about ______ months.
99
One key ethical concern with puberty blockers is the issue of ______ ______, especially for children under ______ years old.
informed consent, 18
100
One of the main arguments in favor of puberty blockers is that they are claimed to be ______, though this is debated.
reversible
101
Long-term effects of puberty blockers, particularly on ______ health, are not well understood.
bone
102
The evidence shows that ______ percent of individuals who take puberty blockers go on to receive GAHT.
95%
103
The Cass Review concluded that the evidence base for puberty blockers is ______, leading to their restriction to ______ in the UK.
weak, clinical trials
104
In an experiment on puberty blockers, one outcome measure to assess would be the effect on ______ health over a period of ______ years.
bone, 5-10
105
A key method to assess brain changes in youth taking puberty blockers could involve ______ imaging.
neuro
106
The first activation for sexual behavior is the development of ______ sex characteristics, which helps facilitate ______ _______.
secondary, mate attraction
107
Libido activation is driven largely by the sex hormone ______, which stimulates sexual motivation in both males and females.
testosterone
108
______ and ______ are hormones that promote pair bonding, facilitating emotional and social attachment between partners.
Oxytocin, vasopressin
109
A GnRH analogue would lead to continuous stimulation of GnRH receptors, causing the ______ ______ to shut down and reducing fertility.
HPG axis
110
A testosterone analogue would inhibit the release of ______ and ______ by providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary.
GnRH, LH
111
A kisspeptin receptor antagonist would reduce activation of ______ neurons and lower the secretion of ______, which is essential for initiating puberty.
GnRH, GnRH
112
A PDE5 inhibitor like Viagra primarily affects ______ and does not directly influence ______ or fertility.
blood flow, libido
113
In male rats, castration leads to a decrease in ______ behavior, which can be restored by ______ supplementation.
sexual, testosterone
114
Human studies have shown that blood _________ levels do not correlate well with increased sexual behavior.
Testosterone
115
In female rodents, the removal of ovaries reduces ______ behaviors, but these can be restored with injections of ______
proceptive/receptive, estradiol
116
Human females show ______ responses to HRT, with mixed evidence on whether testosterone improves ______.
variable, libido
117
Viagra (sildenafil) is a ______ inhibitor that increases ______ _____ to facilitate erections, but does not influence sexual desire.
PDE5, blood flow
118
Addyi (flibanserin) works by affecting ______ receptors, increasing ______ and ______ levels, which may enhance libido in women.
serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine
119
While Viagra is useful for ______ dysfunction, Addyi is aimed at treating low ______ in women with Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (FSIAD).
erectile, libido
120
While _______ is useful for erectile dysfunction, ______ is aimed at treating low libido in women with Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder (FSIAD).
Viagra, Addyi

PSYC317 Test 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions