Quiz 3 (Sleep) Flashcards
A microsleep can be defined as a very brief period of sleep, and can be as short as _________________.
A) 30 seconds
B) 1/10 of a second
C) 1 second
D) 10 seconds
B) 1/10 of a second
Microsleeps are very short, involuntary periods of sleep that can occur without the individual being aware. Microsleeps can be as brief as 1/10 of a second, particularly in situations of extreme drowsiness.
Lecture 17, Micro-sleeps (Week 6 notes).
A_________________ rhythm is a cycle lasting about one day (~24 hours). In natural conditions, the pineal gland releases _________________ in this type of rhythm.
A) ultradian; melatonin
B) ultradian; adenosine
C) circadian; adenosine
D) circadian; melatonin
D) circadian; melatonin
Circadian rhythms last approximately 24 hours and regulate various biological processes, including sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland releases melatonin in response to darkness, which helps regulate these rhythms.
Lecture 16, Circadian Rhythms and Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms (Week 6 notes).
CNS depressants can be successfully used as sedatives but these drugs do carry risks/issues. These include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) tolerance developing if the drug is used long-term
B) excessive hypnic jerks during sleep onset
C) iatrogenic insomnia developing if the drug is used long-term
D) risk of overdose if not adhering to prescribed dosing regimen
B) excessive hypnic jerks during sleep onset
CNS depressants (such as benzodiazepines) can cause sedation and aid sleep but come with risks like tolerance, iatrogenic insomnia, and overdose if not used as prescribed. Hypnic jerks (muscle twitches during Stage 1 sleep) are not typically associated with CNS depressants.
Lecture 18, CNS Depressants (Week 6 notes).
Consider bilateral lesioning of the lesioning the “core atonia” nuclei in the brainstem . What would be the predicted behavioural outcome?
A) might allow REM sleep behavioural disorder to manifest
B) would likely negatively affect arousal and wakefulness
C) would likely impair circadian rhythms
D) would allow narcolepsy to manifest
A) might allow REM sleep behavioural disorder to manifest
The core atonia nuclei are responsible for inducing muscle atonia during REM sleep. Lesioning these nuclei could prevent atonia, potentially leading to REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), where individuals act out their dreams.
Lecture 17, REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (Week 6 notes).
Consider bilateral lesioning of the lesioning the REM-ON nuclei in the brainstem . What would be the predicted behavioural outcome?
A) might allow REM sleep behavioural disorder to manifest
B) would likely impair circadian rhythms
C) would likely eliminate REM sleep from occurring at all
D) would allow narcolepsy to manifest
C) would likely eliminate REM sleep from occurring at all
The REM-ON nuclei in the brainstem control the onset of REM sleep. Lesioning these nuclei would likely prevent REM sleep from occurring, as they are crucial for initiating the REM sleep state.
Lecture 17, REM Sleep Flip-Flop Circuit (Week 6 notes).
Consider bilateral lesioning of the suprachiasmatic nuclei in the brain.What would be the predicted behaviouraloutcome?
A) would likely impair circadian rhythm entrainment by light
B) would likely negatively affect arousal and wakefulness
C) would likely eliminate REM sleep from occurring at all
D) would allow narcolepsy to manifest
A) would likely impair circadian rhythm entrainment by light
The suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) are the brain’s master circadian clock, responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle based on light input. Lesioning the SCN would disrupt the ability to synchronize circadian rhythms with external light cues, leading to disordered sleep patterns.
Lecture 16, Suprachiasmatic Nuclei (Week 6 notes).
In theory, which of the following compounds would be most likely to cause wakefulness?
A) adenosinereceptor agonist
B) GABA receptor agonist
C) histamine receptor antagonist
D) orexin receptor agonist
D) orexin receptor agonist
Orexin is a key neurotransmitter involved in wakefulness and arousal. An orexin receptor agonist would stimulate the orexin system, promoting wakefulness and preventing sleep.
Lecture 15, Orexin System (Week 5 notes).
Which of the following best explains the term ‘good sleep hygiene’?
A) Best practices for ensuring an optimal night’s sleep
B) Best practices for catching up on lost sleep
C) Bathing or showering before sleep
D) Maximising the amount of REM sleep a person achieves
A) Best practices for ensuring an optimal night’s sleep
Sleep hygiene refers to practices that promote consistent and restful sleep, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule, limiting blue light exposure, and creating a sleep-friendly environment. It is about ensuring good habits to improve sleep quality.
Lecture 17, Sleep Hygiene (Week 6 notes).
________________ sleep is the only stage of sleep that can be defined based on the electrooculogram (EOG).
A) N3
B) N2
C) N1
D) REM
D) REM
REM sleep is defined by rapid eye movements, which are detected using an electrooculogram (EOG). No other sleep stage involves such distinct and rapid eye movements.
Lecture 14, REM Sleep (Week 5 notes).
_________ sleep is the only stage of sleep that can be defined based on the electromyogram (EMG).
A) N3
B) REM
C) N1
D) N2
B) REM
The EMG is primarily used to identify muscle atonia during REM sleep. While the EMG can detect muscle activity in other stages, complete muscle atonia is unique to REM, making it definable via EMG.
Lecture 14, REM Sleep section (Week 5 notes).
When considering the arousal systems, the raphé nuclei within the reticular formation are major nuclei for the _______system
A) norepinephrine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) histamine
B) serotonin
The raphé nuclei are the primary source of serotonin (5-HT) in the brain, and they play a significant role in modulating mood, arousal, and sleep-wake regulation.
Lecture 15, Serotonin (5-HT) System (Week 5 notes).
When considering the arousal systems, the _________ system is unique in that it has the power to influence all of the other arousal systems
A) acetylcholine
B) norepinephrine
C) orexin
D) serotonin
C) orexin
The orexin system is unique because it projects widely throughout the brain and can influence all the other arousal systems, including acetylcholine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine systems.
Lecture 15, Orexin System (Week 5 notes).
The POA “sleep neurons” can be activated by:
A) Strong sensory input
B) Hunger signals
C) Adenosine
D) Satiety signals
C) Adenosine
Adenosine builds up during wakefulness and activates sleep neurons in the preoptic area (POA) of the hypothalamus, which leads to the initiation of sleep.
Lecture 15, Adenosine and Sleep Neurons (Week 5 notes).
Stage 2 sleep is characterised by all of the following features EXCEPT:
A) the majority of EEG signals have major frequencies above 5 Hz
B) appearance of K complexes in the EEG
C) the majority of EEG signals have major frequencies below 5 Hz
D) appearance of sleep spindles in the EEG
C) the majority of EEG signals have major frequencies below 5 Hz
Stage 2 sleep is marked by sleep spindles (12-16 Hz) and K complexes, with EEG frequencies generally above 5 Hz. Therefore, the majority of EEG signals being below 5 Hz would not apply to this stage.
Lecture 13, Stage 2 Sleep (Week 5 notes).
Sleepwalking typically occurs during which sleep stage?
A) In REM sleep while we are dreaming
B) In Stage 1/N1, just as we are drifting off
C) In Stage 2/N2, while we display sleep spindles
D) In SWS/N3, when we are deeply asleep
D) In SWS/N3, when we are deeply asleep
Sleepwalking occurs during slow-wave sleep (SWS/N3), when brain activity is at its slowest and deepest.
Lecture 17, Sleepwalking and SWS (Week 6 notes).
Several decades ago, the space agency NASA began promoting the practice of workplace naps. NASA discovered that naps shorter than 30 minutes were optimal as they improve task performance and alertness while avoiding grogginess. Why would grogginess upon waking be avoided in this case?
A) Because this duration avoids the transition to Stage 2/N2 sleep, which is correlated with poorer cognitive performance.
B) Because this duration is enough to restore optimal glycogen levels.
C) It wouldn’t. Other studies have shown longer durations are required to avoid grogginess.
D) Because Stage 3/SWS sleep is usually avoided with this duration.
D) Because Stage 3/SWS sleep is usually avoided with this duration.
Naps under 30 minutes typically avoid entering Stage 3/SWS sleep, which is associated with sleep inertia or grogginess upon waking. Shorter naps allow people to wake up before entering this deep sleep phase.
Lecture 17, Naps (Week 6 notes).
From your reading “Broken Dreams”, which of the following statements about REM sleep and dreaming is not correct:
A) Digestion of a meal during sleep increases the likelihood of remembering your dreams upon waking
B) REM sleep can be boosted by morning naps, weekend lie-ins and having an additional “snooze” period after your alarm goes off
C) Alcohol, marijuana and antidepressants reduce SWS
D) Most of the health benefits associated with sleep have been linked to the deep sleep achieved relatively early on in the night
C) Alcohol, marijuana and antidepressants reduce SWS
In fact, these substances are known to reduce REM sleep, not SWS.
- For alcohol: “If you go to bed drunk, or even slightly tipsy, your sleep profile will skew to deep sleep. Even a single drink will delay the first period of REM.”
- For marijuana: “Marijuana also promotes deep sleep and suppresses REM: go to bed stoned and you won’t dream.”
- For antidepressants: “Many antidepressants do the same, promoting deep sleep to the detriment of REM.”
From your reading “Broken Dreams”, why is (almost) total paralysis believed to occur during REM sleep?
A) It doesn’t; this has been shown to be a myth
B) To stop us from acting out our dreams
C) To conserve energy
D) We don’t know
B) To stop us from acting out our dreams
“After slow-wave sleep, the brainwaves change pattern again, the eyes start roiling under their lids and most of the muscles in the body become paralysed to stop us acting out our dreams. This is REM sleep…”
Recall your reading “Buzzing Bees”. Which of the following is NOT symptomatic of RLS?
A) An urge to move, usually the legs, that is only relieved by moving
B) Immobilisation of the upper limbs during deep sleep
C) Unpleasant sensations including tingling, buzzing, pain, or cramping
D) A more pronounced onset in the evening or night-time
B) Immobilisation of the upper limbs during deep sleep
- “Mary Rose describes very typical symptoms of RLS: a terrible urge to move, usually the legs, that is only relieved by moving.”
- “This urge to move is often accompanied by unpleasant sensations - tingling, buzzing, pain, an electric feeling or cramping.”
- “The awful thing is that the symptoms of RLS get worse in the evening and night-time, making it impossible to get off to sleep.”
From your reading on RLS, which of the following statements is NOT likely to contribute to underdiagnosis of this condition?
A) Misdiagnosis as cramps or nerve problems
B) Irregularity of symptoms, meaning medical attention isn’t often thought to be warranted
C) Misdiagnosis of RLS as insomnia
D) Historical disbelief in RLS as a genuine medical condition
B) Irregularity of symptoms, meaning medical attention isn’t often thought to be warranted
- “This range results in RLS being frequently misdiagnosed as cramps, varicose veins, or nerve problems.”
- “Frequently sufferers don’t recognise the symptoms of RLS as causing their sleep issues.”
- “In 2013, a regular columnist in the British Medical Journal, a general practitioner, reiterated this opinion. The columnist described restless legs syndrome as a ‘pharma classic’, that it had an ‘implausible biological basis’…”
A microsleep can be defined as a very brief period of sleep, and can be as short as _________________.
1/10 of a second
Microsleeps are very short, involuntary periods of sleep that can occur without the individual being aware. Microsleeps can be as brief as 1/10 of a second, particularly in situations of extreme drowsiness.
Lecture 17, Micro-sleeps (Week 6 notes).
A_________________ rhythm is a cycle lasting about one day (~24 hours). In natural conditions, the pineal gland releases _________________ in this type of rhythm.
circadian; melatonin
Circadian rhythms last approximately 24 hours and regulate various biological processes, including sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland releases melatonin in response to darkness, which helps regulate these rhythms.
Lecture 16, Circadian Rhythms and Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms (Week 6 notes).
A circadian rhythm is a cycle lasting about one day (~24 hours). In natural conditions, the _______ _______ releases melatonin in this type of rhythm.
pineal gland
Circadian rhythms last approximately 24 hours and regulate various biological processes, including sleep-wake cycles. The pineal gland releases melatonin in response to darkness, which helps regulate these rhythms.
Lecture 16, Circadian Rhythms and Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms (Week 6 notes).
