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PSYC317 Test 2 > Week 6 Lecture Content (Sleep II) > Flashcards

Week 6 Lecture Content (Sleep II) Flashcards

1
Q

“Sleep tends to follow a circadian rhythm, entrained by multiple zeitgebers.” Explain each component of this sentence.

  • Sleep definition:
  • Circadian rhythm:
  • Zeitgebers:
  • Entrainment:
  • Importance:
A
  • Sleep definition: Sleep is defined as a state of diminished sensory responsivity that follows specific nervous system patterns.
  • Circadian rhythm: Biological rhythms that operate on a roughly 24-hour cycle, regulating processes like the sleep-wake cycle.
  • Zeitgebers: External cues (e.g., light, food, social interaction) that help synchronise circadian rhythms to the environment.
  • Entrainment: Refers to the alignment of circadian rhythms with external zeitgebers.
  • Importance: These components work together to ensure sleep is aligned with environmental day-night cycles for health and functionality.

Lecture 16, Circadian Rhythms

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2
Q

What is sleep?

A

Sleep definition: Sleep is defined as a state of diminished sensory responsivity that follows specific nervous system patterns.

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3
Q

What is a circadian rhythm?

A

Circadian rhythm: Biological rhythms that operate on a roughly 24-25 hour cycle, regulating processes like the sleep-wake cycle.

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4
Q

What are zeitgebers?

A

Zeitgebers: External cues (e.g., light, food, social interaction) that help synchronise circadian rhythms to the environment.

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5
Q

What is entrainment?

A

Entrainment: Refers to the alignment of circadian rhythms with external zeitgebers.

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6
Q

_____ is defined as a state of diminished sensory responsivity that follows specific nervous system patterns.

A

Sleep

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7
Q

The _____ _____ operates on a roughly 24-25 hour cycle, regulating processes like the sleep-wake cycle.

A

circadian rhythm

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8
Q

_______ are external cues (e.g., light, food, social interaction) that help synchronise circadian rhythms to the environment.

A

Zeitgebers

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9
Q

_______ refers to the alignment of circadian rhythms with external zeitgebers.

A

Entrainment

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10
Q

Where is the ‘internal clock’ in the brain? How does this clock ‘know’ whether it’s night or day? Give one external sensory source of entrainment and at least one internal source of entrainment. Be specific with your neural pathways where needed.

A
  • Location: The internal clock is located in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.
  • Day-night recognition: The SCN “knows” the time of day through the retinohypothalamic pathway, which detects light via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).
  • External entrainment: Light acts as the primary external cue for regulating the SCN.
  • Internal entrainment: Melatonin release from the pineal gland serves as an internal cue.
  • Neural pathways: ipRGCs detect light and send signals to the SCN, which in turn sends signals to other brain areas to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

Lecture 16, Brain Mechanisms of Circadian Rhythm and Light Detection and Circadian Entrainment

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11
Q

Where is the ‘internal clock’ in the brain?

A

The internal clock is located in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.

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12
Q

How does the internal clock ‘know’ whether it’s night or day?

A

The SCN “knows” the time of day through the retinohypothalamic pathway, which detects light via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).

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13
Q

Give one external sensory source of entrainment

A

Light acts as the primary external cue for regulating the SCN.

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14
Q

Give one internal sensory source of entrainment

A

Melatonin release from the pineal gland serves as an internal cue.

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15
Q

What is the neural pathway for the ‘internal clock’?

A

ipRGCs detect light and send signals to the SCN, which in turn sends signals to other brain areas to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

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16
Q

The internal clock is located in the _______ _______ of the hypothalamus.

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

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17
Q

The SCN “knows” the time of day through the __________ pathway, which detects light via intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).

A

retinohypothalamic

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18
Q

The SCN “knows” the time of day through the retinohypothalamic pathway, which detects light via intrinsically photosensitive _____ _____ _____

A

retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs).

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19
Q

_____ acts as the primary external cue for regulating the SCN.

A

Light

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20
Q

_______ release from the pineal gland serves as an internal cue for entrainment.

A

Melatonin

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21
Q

Melatonin release from the _____ _____ serves as an internal cue for entrainment.

A

Pineal gland

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22
Q

______ detect light and send signals to the SCN, which in turn sends signals to other brain areas to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

A

ipRGCs

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23
Q

ipRGCs detect light and send signals to the ___, which in turn sends signals to other brain areas to regulate sleep-wake cycles.

A

SCN

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24
Q

What is melatonin and where is it produced? Does melatonin aid sleep? What is the evidence? What is the link between light exposure and melatonin? Again, be specific with your knowledge of neural pathways.

A
  • Melatonin definition: Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms.
  • Does it aid sleep?: Its effectiveness as a sleep aid is controversial. Melatonin acts as a chronobiotic (regulating circadian timing) rather than as a sedative.
  • Evidence: Melatonin helps regulate sleep-wake cycles, particularly when taken at appropriate times, like before bedtime or during circadian rhythm disruptions (e.g., jet lag).
  • Link with light: Light exposure (especially blue light) suppresses melatonin production, which can delay sleep onset.

Lecture 16, Melatonin and Circadian Rhythms

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25
Q

What is melatonin and where is it produced?

A

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms.

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26
Q

What is melatonin?

A

Melatonin is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms.

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27
Q

Does melatonin aid sleep?:

A

Its effectiveness as a sleep aid is controversial. Melatonin acts as a chronobiotic (regulating circadian timing) rather than as a sedative.

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28
Q

What is the evidence that melatonin aids sleep?

A

Melatonin helps regulate sleep-wake cycles, particularly when taken at appropriate times, like before bedtime or during circadian rhythm disruptions (e.g., jet lag).

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29
Q

What is the link between light exposure and melatonin?

A

Melatonin helps regulate sleep-wake cycles, particularly when taken at appropriate times, like before bedtime or during circadian rhythm disruptions (e.g., jet lag).

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30
Q

_____ is a hormone produced by the pineal gland, primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms.

A

Melatonin

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31
Q

Melatonin acts as a ________ (regulating circadian timing) rather than as a sedative.

A

chronobiotic

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32
Q

Light exposure (especially ____ light) ______ melatonin production, which can delay sleep onset.

A

Blue, suppresses

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33
Q

How could sunlight positively affect mood? Use your knowledge of the arousal centre circuitry to build an explanation; be specific with your neural circuitry.

  • Pathway:
  • Arousal systems:
  • Mood regulation:
A
  • Pathway: Sunlight impacts mood by affecting the retinohypothalamic pathway, which regulates circadian rhythms through light signals to the SCN.
  • Arousal systems: Sunlight exposure stimulates orexin neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which promotes wakefulness and mood improvement by activating arousal centres in the brain.
  • Mood regulation: Natural sunlight helps regulate neurotransmitters associated with mood (e.g., serotonin) and reduces the risk of conditions like Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

Lecture 16, Light and Mood

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34
Q

How could sunlight positively affect mood?

A

Natural sunlight helps regulate neurotransmitters associated with mood (e.g., serotonin) and reduces the risk of conditions like Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

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35
Q

Sunlight impacts mood by affecting the __________ pathway, which regulates circadian rhythms through light signals to the SCN.

A

retinohypothalamic

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36
Q

Sunlight exposure stimulates ______ neurons in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), which promotes wakefulness and mood improvement by activating arousal centres in the brain.

A

Orexin

37
Q

Sunlight exposure stimulates orexin neurons in the _______ _________, which promotes wakefulness and mood improvement by activating arousal centres in the brain.

A

lateral hypothalamus (LH)

38
Q

Natural sunlight helps regulate neurotransmitters associated with mood (e.g., serotonin) and reduces the risk of conditions like ______ ______ ______

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD).

39
Q

“Office workers should take naps everyday instead of coffee breaks.” Build a YES argument

A
  • Improved cognitive function: Napping enhances attention, alertness, and mood.
  • Fatigue reduction: Naps can reduce afternoon drowsiness and improve overall energy levels.
  • Health benefits: Avoiding caffeine can reduce risks associated with its overuse (e.g., jitteriness, sleep disturbances).
  • Productivity boost: Short naps can improve performance more effectively than a caffeine boost.
  • Cost-effective: No need for daily caffeine, saving money for both employees and employers.
40
Q

“Office workers should take naps everyday instead of coffee breaks.” Build a NO argument

A
  • Time constraints: Napping may take longer than a coffee break and reduce productive work hours.
  • Sleep inertia: Longer naps can cause grogginess, impairing short-term productivity.
  • Immediate alertness: Caffeine provides an immediate boost in alertness without a rest period
  • Not universally beneficial: Naps may not be equally effective for all individuals due to personal sleep needs and cycles.
  • Employer cost: Setting up nap spaces and allowing breaks for naps may be costly for employers.
41
Q

“If you are suffering from insomnia in the lead-up to exams, you should take CNS depressants”. Build a YES argument for this

A
  • CNS depressants can help induce sleep and reduce anxiety, which may interfere with sleep before exams.
  • Effective for short-term relief of insomnia symptoms.
42
Q

“If you are suffering from insomnia in the lead-up to exams, you should take CNS depressants”. Build a NO argument for this

A
  • Long-term use risks tolerance and dependency.
  • Cognitive impairment and grogginess may affect exam performance.
  • Distortion of natural sleep architecture (e.g., reducing REM sleep).
43
Q

“If you are suffering from insomnia in the lead-up to exams, you should take Anti-Histamines (1st generation).”

Build a YES argument for this

A
  • Sedative effects: First-generation antihistamines (like diphenhydramine) can cause drowsiness, helping induce sleep by blocking histamine receptors.
  • Over-the-counter availability: These medications are easy to obtain and provide short-term relief for insomnia.
  • Non-addictive: They are not associated with the risks of dependence seen in other sedatives like benzodiazepines.
44
Q

“If you are suffering from insomnia in the lead-up to exams, you should take Anti-Histamines (1st generation).”

Build a NO argument for this

A
  • Daytime grogginess: First-generation antihistamines often cause significant morning-after grogginess and cognitive impairment, which could interfere with exam performance.
  • Ineffective long-term: Tolerance to their sedative effects builds quickly, making them less effective over time.
  • Side effects: Potential for dry mouth, dizziness, and difficulty concentrating, which can further reduce study and exam efficiency.
45
Q

“If you are suffering from drowsiness in the lead-up to exams, you should take psychostimulants”.

Build a YES argument for this

A
  • They increase alertness and focus, which can be useful for studying.
  • Immediate energy boost for last-minute cramming.
46
Q

“If you are suffering from drowsiness in the lead-up to exams, you should take psychostimulants”.

Build a NO argument for this

A
  • Can cause anxiety and irritability, which may worsen focus.
  • Overuse can disrupt sleep further and lead to reliance on stimulants.
47
Q

“If you are suffering from drowsiness in the lead-up to exams, you should take adenosine.”

Build a YES argument for this

A
  • Natural sleep regulator: Adenosine accumulates during wakefulness, promoting sleep pressure, which helps restore natural sleep-wake balance before exams.
  • Non-pharmacological option: Using adenosine to promote restful sleep and wakefulness does not involve external stimulants or substances that could disrupt sleep cycles.
48
Q

“If you are suffering from drowsiness in the lead-up to exams, you should take adenosine.”

Build a NO argument for this

A
  • Fatigue enhancer: Adenosine is a neuromodulator that promotes sleep, so taking it before exams could increase drowsiness, worsening cognitive performance.
  • Contradicts goal: For students struggling with alertness, adenosine’s primary role is to reduce arousal, making it counterproductive for staying awake and focused.
49
Q

_______ accumulates during wakefulness, promoting sleep pressure, which helps restore natural sleep-wake balance before exams.

A

Adenosine

50
Q

________ is a neuromodulator that promotes sleep, so taking it before exams could increase drowsiness, worsening cognitive performance.

A

Adenosine

51
Q

Be able to describe Seasonal Affective Disorder

A

A type of depression triggered by changes in seasons, often treated with light therapy.

52
Q

______ _____ _____ is a type of depression triggered by changes in seasons, often treated with light therapy.

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

53
Q

Be able to describe sleep hygiene.

A

Practices that improve sleep quality, such as maintaining a consistent bedtime and avoiding blue light.

54
Q

_____ _____ are practices that improve sleep quality, such as maintaining a consistent bedtime and avoiding blue light.

A

Sleep hygiene

55
Q

Be able to describe a micro sleep

A

Brief, involuntary sleep episodes that last for 0.1 - 30 seconds, often occurring during monotonous tasks.

56
Q

_______ are brief, involuntary sleep episodes that last for 0.1-30 seconds, often occurring during monotonous tasks.

A

Microsleeps

57
Q

Be able to describe REM behaviour disorder

A

A disorder where individuals act out their dreams due to failed muscle atonia during REM sleep.

58
Q

Be able to describe sleep paralysis

A

The inability to move upon waking or falling asleep, often accompanied by hallucinations.

59
Q

_____ _____ _____ is a disorder where individuals act out their dreams due to failed muscle atonia during REM sleep.

A

REM Behaviour Disorder (RBD)

60
Q

_____ _____ is the inability to move upon waking or falling asleep, often accompanied by hallucinations.

A

Sleep paralysis

61
Q

Be able to describe a CNS depressant

A

A class of drugs that slow brain activity to promote sleep, such as benzodiazepines.

62
Q

____ ______ are a class of drugs that slow brain activity to promote sleep, such as benzodiazepines.

A

CNS Depressants

63
Q

Be able to describe a Z-class hypnotic

A

A third-generation sleep aid, such as Zopiclone, that targets specific GABA receptors for sleep.

64
Q

__-____ _____ is a third-generation sleep aid, such as Zopiclone, that targets specific GABA receptors for sleep.

A

Z-class Hypnotic

65
Q

Be able to describe narcolepsy

A

A sleep disorder characterised by sudden and uncontrollable sleep episodes.

66
Q

________ is a sleep disorder characterised by sudden and uncontrollable sleep episodes.

A

Narcolepsy

67
Q

Be able to describe cataplexy

A

A sudden loss of muscle tone, usually triggered by strong emotions, commonly associated with narcolepsy.

68
Q

_______ is a sudden loss of muscle tone, usually triggered by strong emotions, commonly associated with narcolepsy.

A

Cataplexy

69
Q

Narcolepsy is a REM disorder”. Do you agree with this statement? If so, why? If not, why?

A

Agree:
- Narcolepsy involves sudden onset of REM sleep from wakefulness.
- Symptoms like cataplexy, sleep paralysis, and hypnagogic hallucinations are all related to REM sleep features.
- The primary dysfunction in narcolepsy involves the loss of orexin neurons, which destabilises the REM and sleep-wake flip-flop circuits.

Lecture 18, Narcolepsy (REM disorder)

70
Q

The primary dysfunction in narcolepsy involves the loss of _____ neurons, which destabilises the REM and sleep-wake flip-flop circuits.

A

orexin

71
Q

Sleep tends to follow a ________ rhythm, entrained by multiple ________.

A

circadian, zeitgebers

72
Q

The internal clock in the brain is located in the ________ ________ (______) of the hypothalamus.

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)

73
Q

The SCN “knows” the time of day through the ________ pathway, which detects light via ________ retinal ganglion cells (______).

A

retinohypothalamic, intrinsically photosensitive, ipRGCs

74
Q

________ is a hormone produced by the ________ gland, primarily involved in regulating circadian rhythms.

A

Melatonin, pineal

75
Q

Light exposure, especially ________ light, ________ melatonin production.

A

blue, suppresses

76
Q

Sunlight impacts mood by affecting the ________ pathway, which regulates circadian rhythms through light signals to the ________.

A

retinohypothalamic, SCN

77
Q

Sunlight exposure stimulates ________ neurons in the lateral hypothalamus, which promotes ________ and mood improvement.

A

orexin, wakefulness

78
Q

Naps can enhance ________, ________, and ________, potentially improving productivity more than caffeine.

A

attention, alertness, mood

79
Q

Longer naps can cause _____ _____, potentially impairing short-term productivity.

A

sleep inertia

80
Q

CNS depressants can help induce sleep and reduce ________, but risk ________ and ________ with long-term use.

A

anxiety, tolerance, dependency

81
Q

First-generation antihistamines can cause ________, helping induce sleep by blocking ________ receptors.

A

drowsiness, histamine

82
Q

Psychostimulants increase ________ and ________, but can cause ________ and ________.

A

alertness, focus, anxiety, irritability

83
Q

________ accumulates during wakefulness, promoting sleep pressure and helping restore natural sleep-wake balance.

A

Adenosine

84
Q

________ ________ ________ (SAD) is a type of depression triggered by changes in _______, often treated with ________ therapy.

A

Seasonal Affective Disorder, season, light

85
Q

________ ________ ________ is a disorder where individuals act out their dreams due to failed muscle atonia during ____ sleep.

A

REM Behaviour Disorder, REM

86
Q

________ is a sleep disorder characterized by sudden and uncontrollable sleep episodes, often accompanied by ________, a sudden loss of muscle tone.

A

Narcolepsy, cataplexy

87
Q

Narcolepsy involves sudden onset of ________ sleep from wakefulness and is primarily caused by the loss of ________ neurons.

A

REM, orexin

88
Q

Insomnia rates may be increasing due to increased ________ time before bed, leading to ________ light exposure that suppresses ________.

A

screen, blue, melatonin

PSYC317 Test 2 (11 decks)

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