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NURS202 Summary > week 8: head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, mouth > Flashcards

week 8: head, neck, eyes, ears, nose, mouth Flashcards

1
Q

what is the skull

A

Protects brain/sensory organs
Includes bones of the cranium, face
Bones, sutures, orbit, upper/lower jaw

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2
Q

parts of the face

A

Facial expression, expresses mood
Facial muscles (CNV Trigeminal; mastication)
Salivary Glands (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual)
Temporal Artery (anterior to the ear)

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3
Q

parts of the neck

A

Sternocleidomastoid Muscle (Rotates head) and Trapezius (Shoulder Elevation)
Controlled by CN XI - Spinal Accessory
Thyroid Gland
Highly vascular endocrine gland
Synthesizes/Secretes Thyroxine (T40) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
Butterfly; has 2 lobes between tracheal/sternomastoid muscles
Hyoid Bone: Floating bone, top of the neck
Thyroid Cartilage (above thyroid, cricoid, has Adam’s apple)
Cricoid Cartilage (between thyroid and thyroid cartilage)

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4
Q

parts of the lymphatic system

A

Extensive throughout head/neck, major part of the immune system
Detects and eliminates foreign substances
Lymph nodes: Small oval clusters of lymphatic tissue
Engulfs pathogens, prevents harmful substances from entering circulation
You have to palpate all of them:
3 Around the Ear (Preauricular -> Posterior Auricular -> Occipital) -> 4 around the Jaw (Submental, Submandibular, Jugulodigastric/Tonsillar, Parotid), 4 around the Neck (Superficial Cervical, Deep Cervical Chain, Posterior Cervical, Supraclavicular,)
Use two fingers, light-to-medium touch

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5
Q

sinuses

A

Hollow areas in bones that help with voice resonance, lightens skull weight
Present at birth; in Frontal, Maxillary, Ethmoid, and Sphenoid bones

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6
Q

carotid artery

A

Common Carotid; branches into internal/external carotids up head, palpate one at a time

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7
Q

pediatric fontanelles

A

In children, the sutures are not fully formed yet.
Anterior, Posterior, Sphenoid, Mastoid Fontanelles
Skull is not yet fused when born; allows for birth, growth of the brain
Posterior closes by 1-2 months, Anterior closes by 9 months - 2 years
Normally film, slightly concave
Shrunken = Dehydration
Bulging = Increased ICP (edema, bleed, not good)
They also look like they have no neck; it’s shorter, no control of neck muscles yet

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8
Q

nose

A

First segment of respiratory system; warms, moistens, filters air in nasal cavity
Has the sinuses inside
Shaped like a triangle with 2 oval openings at the base; divided in half by the septum

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9
Q

mouth

A

First segment of the digestive system; also an airway for respiratory system
Bordered by the lips, palate, cheek, tongue
Contains teeth, gums, tongue, salivary glands (parotid, submandibular, sublingual)
Adults have 32 permanent teeth; children have up to 20 deciduous (baby) teeth
Age in months - 6 = number of teeth
Don’t give bottle while lying down = pools in mouth, tooth decay
Xerostomia: Decreased saliva production

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10
Q

throat

A

(Pharynx)
Area behind the mouth and nose
Separated from the mouth by the tonsils (check for these), uvula

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11
Q

eyelids

A

Palpebra; protects the eye from foreign substances with eyelashes
Canthus; Where they meet (medial/lateral), Caruncle (has sebaceous glands)

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12
Q

conjunctiva

A

Transparent protective mucous membrane, between eyelids, eyeball
Bulbar (on eyeball) and Palpebral (on the eyelid)

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13
Q

extraocular muscles

A

There are 6. Controlled by CN’s III, IV, VI (Most are 3, other than LR6, SO4)

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14
Q

sclera

A

the white

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15
Q

cornea

A

outer covering the helps bend light into pupil

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16
Q

pupil

A

dark, round hole - lets light in

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17
Q

lens

A

focuses light

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18
Q

retina

A

actually receives light, has photoreceptors

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19
Q

optic disc

A

where the optic nerve is

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20
Q

macula/fovea centralis

A

super high visual acuity point

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21
Q

ear

A

sensory organ for hearing and balance; conducts sounds waves

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22
Q

external ear

A

Auricle/Pinna: The swirly ear part of your ear.
External Auditory Meatus: The ear hole
External Auditory Canal: The tube that conducts sound into your ears.
Lined with glands that secrete cerumen (earwax)
Lymph fluid from external ear drains into parotid, mastoid, superficial cervical lymph nodes

23
Q

tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum; separates the external and middle ear
Is oval, concave, pulled in by the malleus (hammer)
Normally pearly grey***, translucent, malleus is visible, “annulus” is the ring around it

24
Q

middle ear

A

Air filled area inside temporal bone; has the ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes which conduct sound from the tympanic membrane
Eustachian Tube: Connects to middle ear; allows for passage of air, equilibrates pressure when swallowing yawning
Functions: Hearing, Protects inner ear by dampening loud sounds, air pressure equalizing
Infection Drainage (via Eustachian tube) (?)

25
Q

inner er

A

Contains the bony labyrinth; made of several parts
Vestibular Apparatus: The vestibule, semicircular canals = balance
Hearing Apparatus: The cochlea = use it for hearing
Pathways are either air conduction (using ears) or bone conduction (vibrations, our own voices)

26
Q

pediatrics ears

A

Children have shorter, horizontal eustachian tubes; prone to infection when they move from nasopharynx to the middle ear

27
Q

older adults ears

A

Stiff, coarse cilia and impact on cerumen:
Presbycusis: Gradual hearing loss; nerve degeneration

28
Q

subjective assessment: nose

A

Any nasal discharge/runny nose? (rhinorrhea) Is it watery, bloody, like pus, mucus?
Any unusually frequent or severe colds? (upper respiratory infections)
Any sinus pain or sinusitis? Treatment?
Any trauma or broken your nose? When?
Any nosebleeds (epistaxis)? How often? Colour? Nostrils? Causes? Treatment?
Any allergies? What are you allergic to? Symptoms?
Any altered smell? Change/decrease? (CN I - Olfactory)

29
Q

subjective data: mouth and throat

A

Any sores or lesions in your mouth/on the tongue/gums?
How long? Had it before? SIngle/multiple? How’d you get it? Treatment?
Any sore throat? How frequently do you get it? Have it now? When did it start? Causes?
Any bleeding gums? How long have you had it?
Any toothaches? Sensitivity to hot/cold? Lost teeth?
Sugar, Bruxism (grinding teeth)
Any hoarseness or voice change? Lump in your throat? For how long?
Any dysphagia (difficulty swallowing)?
Any altered sense of taste?
Do you smoke or consume alcohol? How many per day? Trying to quit?
Self Care; Tell me about your dental care: dentist frequency, brush/floss, dentures/appliances

30
Q

subjective assessment: neck and thyroid

A

Do you have any thyroid problems?
Do you have any hormonal problems?

31
Q

subjective assessment: head

A

Any unusually frequent/severe headaches? How often, what kind of pain, how long, Tx?
Any history of head injuries? When? Knocked out? How? Where? Symptoms after? Tx?
Experienced any Dizziness? Faint? Confused? Lightheadedness/Falling vs. Spinning (vertigo)
Any head or neck pain? Limitations to your range of motion?
Noticed any lumps or swelling? Recent infection/tenderness? When/Duration/Change in size?
History of head/neck surgery? What condition, when, aftermath?
Health Teaching: Sunscreen, Helmets (bikes/vehicles, sports), Seatbelts

32
Q

inspection and palpation of skull

A

Size and Shape (Normocephalic: Round, symmetrical, proportioned to body, vs. Micro/Macrocephalic), feel scalp, hair
Palpate the temporal artery (temple; between eye and ear)
Examine Facial Symmetry, Expression, Presence of structures, abnormalities (tics)
CN VII - Raise eyebrows, frown, close eyes tightly, show upper/lower teeth, smile, puff out both cheeks - Do this if you suspect stroke
Mastoid (TMJ, CN V Trigeminal)

33
Q

inspection and palpation of nose

A

Any symmetry, deformity of the nose
Any lesions, inflammation
Pain or break in contour while palpating
Test patency of nostrils: hold one shut, get them to breathe in with other nostril, do both
Palpate sinus areas: Below eyebrows (Frontal) and Below cheekbones (maxillary)
Pressure with no pain if normal; Pain if infected, allergies

34
Q

inspection and palpation of the lips

A

Colour, moisture (cyanosis/pallor, cherry red w/ CO)
Cracking and lesions (Cheilitis)

35
Q

inspection and palpation of the teeth and gums

A

Any diseased, absent, loose, misplaced teeth
Upper/lower Jaw alignment
Colour, Bleeding, Swelling of gums (Normally pink)

36
Q

inspection and palpation of the tongue

A

Colour, surface characteristics, moisture (pinkish with thin white coating, moist)
Palpate any white patches, lesions
Ask patient to touch tongue to roof of mouth; examine underside - glistens, moist, veins, “U-shape”, palpate under as well for any problems

37
Q

inspection and palpation of the buccal mucosa/palate

A

Inspect (inside cheeks) for colour, nodules, lesions
Inspect bony ridged palate
Look for tonsils and uvula (stick out tongue, depress it, “say ahh”); CN X - Vagus

38
Q

inspection of tongue

A

Throat: Use a depressor, slightly off centre, halfway back
INSPECTION:
Note colour, any exudate, lesions
Observe tonsils; graded in size from 1+ - 4+ (visible to touching)
Don’t test the gag reflex
Note any halitosis (breath odour)

39
Q

inspection and palpation of the neck

A

Symmetry of the neck: Head is central
Tracheal Symmetry; run finger down midline - tracheal shifts are bad
Palpate the thyroid gland (uncomfortable, requires shifting the trachea with one hand; palpating with the other. Landmark by going below the thyroid cartilage (adam’s apple))
Auscultate as well with bell if enlarged, listen for bruit
Palpate the Lymph Nodes (there are 11 groups), order doesn’t really matter, circular motion and touch by pressing light-medium (pushing too hard can push them in)
3 Around the Ear (Preauricular -> Posterior Auricular -> Occipital) -> 4 around the Jaw (Submental, Submandibular, Jugulodigastric/Tonsillar, Parotid), 4 around the Neck (Superficial Cervical, Deep Cervical Chain, Posterior Cervical, Supraclavicular,)
Neck Muscle Range of Motion (CN XI; Accessory) - Head rotation and Shoulder shrug + resist

40
Q

subjective for eyes

A

Any vision difficulties? Decreased acuity, blurring, blind spots
Any eye pain? Please describe it (photophobia: sensitivity to light)
Any history of crossed eyes or double vision? (strabismus, diplopia)
Any redness or swelling in the eyes?
Any watering or discharge (excessive tearing?)
Do you use corrective lenses/contacts?
Self-care/Last eye exam?
History of ocular problems/glaucoma/conditions?

41
Q

subjective for ears

A

Any earaches or other pains in the ears? Shallow, deep in head, hurt? Dull? Trauma?
Any ear infections? When?
Any discharge from your ears? Bloody? Pus? Odour? Ear pain?
Any trouble hearing or hearing loss? When?
Exposure to any loud environmental noise? At home or on the job?
Any ringing in the ears (tinnitus)?
Ever felt vertigo or the room or yourself spinning? Or Dizzy/lightheaded?
How do you take care of your ears? How do you clean them?
Don’t use Q-tips; use warm water + cloth
Last hearing test if you have hearing loss? Hearing aids?
Do you protect your ears if you’re around loud things?

42
Q

objective for eyes inspection

A

General function to move around room
Observe presence of eyebrows, their movement
Eyelids and Eyelashes - Presence; note any ptosis (drooping), xanthelasma (plaque buildup on inside orbit - they’re cholesterol deposits)
Eyeballs themselves; colour of sclera, iris, pupil shape, cornea/lens
Any exophthalmos (bulging) or enophthalmos (very sunken in)
Conjunctiva/Sclera: Patient looks up, pull down lower eyelids
Should be pink lids, few blood vessels, moist/white sclera
Note any moisture
Any abnormal swelling/lesions

43
Q

snellen eye chart

A

from 20 feet away; Normal = 20/20 vision
Numerator = Distance from chart
Denominator = Distance from which a normal eye can read; bigger = worse
Children may use Allen test or E chart

44
Q

xtraocular muscles/cardinal gazes

A

CN III, IV, VI; 6 Directions

45
Q

visual reflex test/accommodation

A

Finger close = Pupils constrict; Finger far = Dilate

46
Q

pupillary light reflex/constriction

A

CN II; Dark room, shine light from side
Can measure pupil size in mm; resting size = 3-5mm
Constriction speed = brisk/sluggish/fixed (none)
Consensual Light Reflex (both pupils constrict when light is in one eye)

47
Q

PEERLA

A

Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation

48
Q

inspecting the ocular fundus

A

Uses an opthalmoscope
Look through the pupil in a dark room; person looks at a distance object
Match sides; For their right eye, use your right eye, rest free hand on shoulder/head to orient
Observe the red reflex to make sure you’re centre, look at the optic disc, macula, etc.

49
Q

objective ear inspection and palpation

A

Size (4-10cm) and shape of the auricle/pinna, symmetrical, no swelling
Skin condition, colour, lumps, lesions
Move the pinna, push on tragus, mastoid for tenderness - it should not hurt
Inspect the external auditory meatus for size, swelling, redness
Note any discharge, cerumen (some is normal)/colour, lesions, foreign bodies

50
Q

otoscopy

A

Choose the largest speculum that will fit the canal
Pull the ear up and back for adults, straight down for children
Insert otoscope into ear upside down, brace hand along cheek for balance, insert slowly
Inspect the tympanic membrane for colour, translucency, malleus, note any Otitis media, should be flat and slightly concave at the centre, intact

51
Q

hearing acuity

A

Whispered voice test: Test one ear while covering the other, cover mouth slightly
Whisper two syllable words and get them to repeat it
Ex., Tuesday, Armchair, Baseball, Fourteen

52
Q

vestibular test

A

Romberg Test for balance: Hands at sides, feet together, eyes closed - Positive if they fall

53
Q

DARP Documentation

A

D: Data
Subjective + Objective
What you (the nurse) can see, hear, touch, smell
Findings that indicate that an action needs to be taken
A: Analysis and Action
Your interpretation of the patient’s issue/concern/need
Summarize the data that informs your action
Make some sort of conclusion; things that need to be done immediately or in the future
R: Response
How the patient/client responds to the care (action/intervention)
What happened to the patient as a result of the action
Outcomes
P: Plan
Plan for care, based on observation of patient’s response
What else could be done in a given span of time
Planned interventions, further assessments, therapeutic interventions, teaching strategies
SMART goals: (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timed - Also specify frequency)

NURS202 Summary (12 decks)

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