Week 8 H9 Flashcards
What does the Mental schema theory by Norman and Shallice describe?
The theory describes routine and non-routine automatic processes and how schemas for routine actions are activated or inhibited.
In the context of the Mental schema theory, what determines the selection of a routine action?
The contention scheduling (CS) chooses the strongest schema to perform the routine action.
What role does the supervisory attentional system (SAS) play in non-routine actions according to Norman and Shallice?
The SAS inhibits routine schema selection and switches to an approach requiring executive functions.
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Define Multimodal working memory model by Baddeley and Hitch.
It describes three models of working memory: Phonological loop, Visuospatial sketchpad and episodic buffer are directed by the Central executive.
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The shielding-shifting dilemma in executive functioning involves what two main aspects?
It involves protecting goal against distraction (shielding) and adapting to the goal (shifting).
In the shielding-shifting dilemma, what factor often causes a shift towards flexibility over stability?
A positive state often leads to more flexibility.
What potential flaw exists in the unitary view of executive functions?
The flaw is the risk of developing an endless hierarchy of executive functions.
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Match the following functions with their related executive processes:
1Energization
2Task setting
3Monitoring
4Behavior and emotions
5Metacognition
a. Right dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
b. Left dorsolateral prefrontal circuit
c. Dorsomedial prefrontal circuit
d. Lateromedial orbitofrontal cortex
e. Frontopolar circuit
1-c, 2-b, 3-a, 4-d, 5-e
How does the criticism of fractionation approach relate to specific brain areas?
The criticism highlights that not every brain area that gets activated while performing a task necessarily controls that task.
Is there a hierarchy in the way nodes in the network handle executive processes?
No, in the current belief, there’s no hierarchy; any node in the network can be in control and can be controlled by others.
How do the unitary and fractional views on executive functions connect?
executive functions can be broken down into distinct components (fractional view),
but
these components do not operate in isolation but are highly integrated and coordinated by higher-level cognitive control processes (unitary view).
Match the following fronto-subcortical networks with their importance:
1First network
2Second network
3Third network
a. Important for motivation and can lead to apathy if damaged.
b. Important for planning and problem solving.
c. Important for social-cognitive behavioral functions and can lead to personality changes if damaged.
1-b, 2-c, 3-a
According to Spreng, what role does the frontoparietal control network (FPCN) play?
The frontoparietal control network monitors the balance between the dorsal attentional network (DAN) and the default mode network (DMN), particularly when an external task needs to be performed.
What are the two basic attention networks identified by Corbetta et al.?
The dorsal attentional network (DAN) and the right hemisphere ventral attentional network (VAN)/salience network.
Which brain areas does the dorsal attentional network (DAN) specifically involve?
The DAN involves the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields in both cerebral hemispheres.
What systems mainly activate cortical areas in both top-down and bottom-up attentional systems?
The ARAS (ascending reticular activating system) activates cortical areas.
What is the role of the locus coeruleus in the ARAS?
The locus coeruleus is responsible for the synthesis and dissemination of noradrenaline.
What is the concern with executive function tests such as the Trail Making and Wisconsin Card Sorting tests?
They measure the cognitive control component of executive functions but cannot accurately assess if patients can function independently in daily life, referring to ecological validity.
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Match the task level of executive function assesment with their measurement aspect
1Operational tasks
2Tactical tasks
3Strategic tasks
a. information processing speed (stimulus driven)
b. memory
c. executive functions
1a 2b 3c
What is an example of a task that divides attention and suggests that an analyzed attention might not be valid?
Stroop Colors and Word Test.
What are the two aspects of Ecological validity?
Veridicality (how much the task can predict daily behavior) and versatility (how much a test resembles tasks in everyday life).
Why is it challenging to assess executive dysfunctions?
Due to the non-standardized nature of many tests and the presence of ‘task impurity’, which means the tests might measure more than just executive functioning.
What cognitive impairments are visible especially in more complex, strategy-driven tasks?
Impairments in information processing, response inhibition, and divided attention.
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Which brain regions belong to the DAN (Dorsal Attention Network)?
the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the frontal eye fields (FEF).
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Which four brain regions belong to the DMN (Default Mode Network)?
- the medial prefrontal cortex,
- posterior cingulate cortex,
- angular gyrus,
- the hippocampal formation.
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match to the right function
dorsolateral prefrontal circuit (DPFC)
orbitofrontal circuit (OFC)
anterior cingulate circuit (ACC)
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Frontoparietal control network (FPCN)
Involves the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex(DPFC) and parietal areas activated in task initiation and error-feedback.
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Cingulo-opercular network
Involved in alertness/sustained attention and premotor/motor processes.
Dorsal attentional network (DAN)
Involves the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal eye fields in both cerebral hemispheres.
Right hemisphere ventral attentional network/salience network
Monitors balance between the dorsal attentional network and the default mode network.
describe the unitary view on executive functions
posits that executive functions are driven by a single, unified system. This perspective is often associated with the concept of a “central executive” in working memory models, like that proposed by Baddeley and Hitch. The unitary view suggests that there is one overarching executive system that coordinates various cognitive tasks.
describe the fractional view on executive functions
argues that executive functions consist of multiple, separate components that are distinct yet interrelated. This view is supported by research indicating that different types of executive functions (e.g., inhibition, updating, shifting)
