Week 1 H1,2,3

Question 1

A) Hippocrates
B) Aristotle
C) Herophilus
D) Descartes

1. Who taught that all (deviant) behavior and feelings originated from the workings of the brain?
2. Who believed the heart was the ‘seat of the soul’?
3. Who proposed the ‘cell theory’ and believed that fluid-filled cavities in the brain were responsible for cognitive functions?
4. Who formulated a dualistic point of view, believing the mind existed separately from the body and was located in the pineal gland?

Answer 1

1A, 2B, 3C, 4D

Question 2

What is the term used to describe the inability to recognize objects

Answer 2

visual agnosia

Question 3

Object recognition has two separate stages, ________ (perceiving the features of the object) and ________ (the features are linked to previous knowledge about the object, e.g., what it is used for).

Answer 3

apperception, association

Question 4

apperceptive agnosia

Answer 4

impairment leads to the inability to combine individual features into the concept as a whole?

Question 5

associative agnosia

Answer 5

impaired, patients are able to copy the object, but do not recognize what they have drawn

Question 6

Who developed standardized methods to study (auditory) perception and also investigated participants’ thoughts, awareness, and feelings?

Answer 6

Wundt

Question 7

Who is responsible for the development of psychometrics?

Answer 7

Francis Galton (1822-1911).

Question 8

pair the correct brain areas to their function based on Luria’s functional theory

A. Luria’s functional unit responsible for arousal and attention processes activation
B. Luria’s functional unit responsible for processing sensory information input
C. Luria’s functional unit that plans and organizes actions output

1. The anterior brain areas
2. The subcortical brain areas
3. The posterior brain areas

Answer 8

1C, 2A, 3B

Question 9

Which statement(s) are true based on Luria’s contributions to neuropsychology?

Statement 1: Luria supported the strict left-right hemisphere lateralization throughout his career.
Statement 2: Luria believed that the entire brain is responsible for behavior, but localized sub-functions can be identified.
Statement 3: Luria’s ideas about serial processing in primary, secondary, and tertiary zones are widely supported today.

Answer 9

Answer: Statement 2 is true; Statement 1 and 3 are false.

Question 10

Which statement(s) are true regarding Geschwind and his research?

Statement 1: Geschwind primarily focused on visual processing in brain injury patients.
Statement 2: Geschwind collaborated with Kaplan and Goodglass on studying language function and aphasia.
Statement 3: Geschwind’s research was unrelated to brain injuries.

Answer 10

Answer: Statement 2 is true; Statement 1 and 3 are false.

Question 10

Brenda Milner developed the …….. Test to study memory functions.

Answer 10

Answer: Corsi Block-Tapping.

Question 11

Which statement(s) are true regarding Brenda Milner’s contributions?

Statement 1: Brenda Milner researched patient H.M. after his bilateral temporal lobectomy led to memory impairment.
Statement 2: Milner studied the role of the parietal lobe in memory.
Statement 3: Brenda Milner developed the Corsi Block-Tapping Test.

Answer 11

Answer: Statements 1 and 3 are true; Statement 2 is false.

Question 12

What does neuroimaging combined with scientific research suggest about the relationship between the location of brain damage and its cognitive/behavioral consequences?

Answer 12

The location of brain damage does not necessarily determine the cognitive/behavioral consequence of the damage.

Question 13

Who is credited with establishing the field of neuropsychology in the Netherlands?

Answer 13

Psychologist Betto Deelman and a group of neurologists in 1970.

Question 14

pair the answer to the correct question

A. Fundamental questions
B. Applied questions

1. Aimed at understanding the behavior of patients with brain damage based on cognitive models.
2. Has a direct and concrete use, such as improving treatment.

Answer 14

Answer: 1A 2B

Question 15

How is a ratio score typically used in reaction time tasks?

Answer 15

Answer: It is calculated to determine how the more complex condition relates to the simple condition.

Question 16

What are crossover designs used for?

Answer 16

Crossover designs are used where participants receive several interventions, and the effect of the interventions is compared within participants.

Question 17

What is the main advantage of using the AB/BA design in a crossover study?

Answer 17

The main advantage is that participants are compared to themselves, so individual differences are controlled for.

Question 18

What does a crossover design aim to demonstrate when used to investigate the specificity of interventions?

Answer 18

It aims to demonstrate that if interventions are specific to individual functions, then progress should only be seen on the function targeted by the intervention and not on other functions.

Question 19

A ……….. study is a longitudinal study where a specific group is tracked over a long duration, often years.

Answer 19

Answer: cohort.

Question 20

What are cross-sectional studies?

Answer 20

In cross-sectional studies, measurements are made at one point in time, allowing the study of people of different ages or at different stages of a disease progression without any test-retest effects. They are correlational in nature.

Question 21

What is a case-control study?

Answer 21

Answer: In a case-control study, a group of people with a certain condition is compared with a group of controls (participants without the condition). It is a descriptive study often used to study rare disorders or multiple risk factors simultaneously.

Question 22

What are case studies used for in neuropsychology?

Answer 22

In neuropsychology, case studies are used to thoroughly study one person (single-case-study) or several people (case-series), comparing their performance to that of an existing norm group or a new control group. Their purpose is to collect data about unique individuals or groups, which aids in forming new hypotheses that are generalizable.

Question 23

Which statement(s) are true regarding single dissociation?

Statement 1: Single dissociation conclusively proves the specificity of function.
Statement 2: The difference observed in single dissociation can be due to test difficulty.
Statement 3: Single dissociation indicates the presence of multiple underlying cognitive mechanisms.

Answer 23

Only statement 2 is true.

Question 24

What is doubble dissociation how does it prove independent functions?

Answer 24

Double dissociation involves demonstrating two independent cognitive processes. Patient I may have impairments on task I (reading) but not on task II (writing), while the reverse pattern is present in patient II. This proves that these functions are independent of each other.

Question 25

Why is heterogeneity desired in case series

Answer 25

Because it provides insight into which factors contribute to a disorder in one patient but not in another.

Question 26

Why is homogeneity desired in group studies

Answer 26

It ensures accurate comparisons based on the characteristic being researched.

Question 27

What is the purpose of the PICO method in neuropsychology?

Answer 27

Answer: The PICO method helps neuropsychologists find targeted scientific literature by specifying the Population, Intervention, Control, and Outcome they are looking for.

Question 28

Face validity

Answer 28

the degree to which a test initially measures what it is supposed to measure.

Question 29

Content validity

Answer 29

the extent to which the items of a test are representative of the domain of all possible items about the concept being measured.

Question 30

Concept/Construct validity:

Answer 30

the extent to which the test scores correspond to the theoretical property one wishes to measure.

Question 31

Criterion validity:

Answer 31

the extent to which test scores can be used to predict scores on a target variable (the criterion).

Question 32

Ecological validity

Answer 32

the degree to which a test predicts a patient’s functioning in his usual environment.

Question 33

What is a confounding factor and how might it influence the results of a neuropsychological test?

Answer 33

A confounding factor is an element that affects test results while not falling within the measurement objective of a test. A confounding factor may influence test results to the point that they resemble those caused by impaired brain function (e.g. through fatigue, pain or visual or hearing difficulties).

Question 33

Why might a neuropsychologist deviate from clinical guidelines?

Answer 33

Deviations may occur due to factors like the patient’s energy levels, education, or cultural background.

Question 34

What are the four key principles of ethics in neuropsychology?

Answer 34

The four key principles are responsibility, integrity, respect, and expertise.

Question 35

What are the three fundamental patient rights in neuropsychological assessments?

Answer 35

The three patient rights are:

1. The right to view the report before it is issued.
2. The right to correction for factual inaccuracies.
3. The right to block the report from being issued.

Question 36

How does Type 2 diabetes affect cognitive function?

Answer 36

Type 2 diabetes can lead to cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia. This may be due to subtle vascular damage often undetected in scans.