Week 8: Expert Memory Flashcards
How does semantic meaning influence memory?
We’re more likely to remember a list of items if they are highly associated
Who came up with the 3 levels of processing?
Craik and Lockhart
What are the 3 levels of processing? (Craik and Lockhart)
Structural - what it looks like
Phonetic - what it sounds like
Semantic - what it means
What does it mean to be an expert in something?
Being an expert in something means we are able to recall a large quantity of information on a certain subject. They can understand large quantities of information which then enables them to develop new theories and build on existing knowledge.
Are memory and intelligence the same thing?
Remebering and manipulating information are seperate skills so while memory helps, it isn’t everything
Is expert memory learnt or innate?
Learnt
Is extraordinary memory learnt or innate?
Innate
What are some stratergies used to improve memory?
Categorisation
Method of loci
Pegword method
Interacting images
How does catergorisation affect memory?
Items arranged into catergories are easier to remember.
The degree of organisation in the catergory correlates with retention
What is the method of loci method for enhancing memory?
Each item is paired with a location on a path
Spacial locations and visual imagery are used to help encoding
Why does visuospatial information aid in memory encoding?
They both take place in the hippocampus
What are the disadvantages of using the method of loci for enhancing memory?
Training can be time consuming
It relies on memories being recalled in order
You need to ensure you have enough spaces on the route for the number of items that need to be remembered
There are many individual differences in the length of training and everyone having different routes, making the method difficult to study in a lab
How did Legge aim to study the method of loci in a standardized lab and what were the results?
Everyone used the same setting for remembering things. This was compared to using their own settings and a control group
Both Loci groups did better than the control but there was no difference between them
What is the pegword method for enhancing memory?
Items are linked to an imaginary or already learned sequence. The already learned sequence is combined with the new one to create serial images
What is the interacting images method for enhancing memory?
Items are pictured together interacting in a bizzare way so that an association forms between them and they are recalled together
What are the advantages of using memory stratergies?
More active learning
Allow us to recall difficult information
Allows new ways of working which can improve interest
What are the disadvatages of using memory stratergies?
Must be practiced correctly
Requires time to create and learn
Reies on route memory rather than elaborative rehersal so the meaning may be lost
Not useful for deeper processing, only shallow
Why are memory stratergies effective?
They typically involve deliberate, effortful learning which then improves memory encoding
They connect new knowledge to established schemas in long term memory, supporting successful retrieval through use of a cue
They often require the integration of multiple modalities which enhances memory by providing multiple routes to encoding and retrieval
What is an alternative to memory stratergies to help us remember?
Extternal aids where they cue us to remember things
They require less effort to start and maintain than stratergies
What is expert memory?
Experts have a very accurate memory of new experiences within their domain such as how a musician can reproduce a piece from only auditory memory alone.
What did a study of expert chess players show about their memory?
Memory of where the peices are on the board improves with extertise but not if the peices are put in random positions
Experts were better at looking and chunking than ametures
How are London Taxi drivers an example of expert memory?
The structural changes in the hippocampus was due to their acquired expertise
What is eidetic memory?
Big memory go big fuck you
What percentage of children are thought to have eidetic memories?
2-15%
