week 8: economic and subsistence Flashcards
balanced exchange
like reciprocity - give a gift in exchange for something else (social relation, obligation)
division of labor
where a society divides labor among individuals to specialize in a certain task - ex. the maasi people where women care for cattle, men own them
family farming
full/part time farmers that support their family through farming and selling their products at markets
horticulture
small scale farming for the intention of the direct consumption of family or community
market exchange
buying and selling products under competitive conditions
mode of consumption
buying, eating, or using a resource or service. minimalism or consumerism as categories
social currencies
money that isn’t money - jewelry, beads, goods. not really used to buy things, but rather used as a substitute for debt that can be paid
pure gift
given as an extreme form of generalized reciprocity - nothing is expected in return for giving it
property rights
foragers have less private property but pastoralists have lots, some people arrange marriages to keep property rights within family
consumerism
demands for products and goods, means to satisfy demands are never sufficient
generalized reciprocity
gifting without thinking about the value of your gift and expecting something specific in return
expected reciprocity
exchanging with the expectation of receiving something in return
foraging
depending on natural resources, fishing, hunting - wide range of food
david graeber
the nature of relationships matter, he had 3 moral principles of relations - communism, hierarchy, exchange
levelling mechanism
rules that aren’t written but culturally embedded that prevents an individual to become much too wealthy over others
mode of exchange
the transfer of something between two people - balanced and unbalanced exchange
potlatch
a tradition among kwakiutl, where they try to outdo one another with gifts - for honour and war of wealth
unbalanced exchange
where only one party benefits, no actual balance
human economies
where money is used to manage the social relations
extensive strategy
a strategy that uses resources in a way that they can be replenished
hierarchy
a system where people are superior to another, doesn’t operate w/ reciprocity
the gift
where gift giving creates links among people, it can create an obligation, or even a debt
mobile money
we use this - transaction through a cell phone
mode of livelihood
the ways that societies organize themselves to obtain the things they need to survive
