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Control and movement > week 8 control > Flashcards

week 8 control Flashcards

1
Q

what is a gyri

A

a fold

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2
Q

what is a sulci

A

groove

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3
Q

is the central sulcus continous with the lateral sulcus?

A

no

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4
Q

what are the two sulcis in the frontal lobe?

A

superior and inferior sulcis

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5
Q

what do the sulcis in the frontal lobe create?

A

superior, middle and inferior gyri

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6
Q

what are the two sulcis in the temporal lobe?

A

superior and inferior sulcis

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7
Q

what do the sulcis in the temporal lobe create?

A

superior, middle and inferior gyri

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8
Q

which gyri in the temporal lobe is assoicated with auditory?

A

the superior gyri is the primary auditory cortex

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9
Q

what seperates the parietal and frontal lobe?

A

central sulcus

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10
Q

which sulcus seperates the temporal from parietal and frontal?

A

the lateral sulcus

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11
Q

what sulcus dips into the medial surface of the brain?

A

the central sulcus still have pre and post central gyri on either side

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12
Q

what is on either side of the central sulcus?

A

precentral gyrus on the frontal side and postcentral gyrus on the parietal side

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13
Q

what seperates the parietal and occipital lobe and what plane can you see it?

A

parietooccipital sulcus –> medial plane

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14
Q

what is the importance of the calacrine sulcus?

A

it seperates the occipital lobe into upper and lower banks that contain the primary visual cortex –> striate cortex

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15
Q

what is the positioning of the limbic lobe?

A

C shape around the corpus callosum

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16
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

containing regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour.

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17
Q

what forms the shape of the limbic lobe?

A

the cingulate sulcus

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18
Q

what does the cingulate sulcus form?

A

cingulate gyrus

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19
Q

what seperates the corpus callosum and cingulate gyrus?

A

the callosal sulcus

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20
Q

what is the cingulate gyrus continous with at the deep temporal lobe?

A

is the uncus

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21
Q

where is the hippocampus found?

A

deep in the temporal lobe

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22
Q

what surrounds the hippocampus?

A

parahippocampal gyrus

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23
Q

what structure is the hippocampus connected to? Why?

A

the hypothalamus. Hippocampus is asscoaited with memory and by using memory can do unconscious movement

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24
Q

what connects your splennin of your corpus callosum to your uncus?

A

isthmus

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25
Q

what is uncus involved in?

A

is involved in primary olfactory cortex

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26
Q

what is special about the uncus?

A

it is the conly cortex in which sensory information does not go to the uncus (cerebral cortex) via the thalamus –> olfactor tracts go straight to the uncus

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27
Q

what are the 4 regions of the corpus callosum?

A

rostral, genu, body and splenin –> C shaped

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28
Q

what is the inferior aspect of the corpus callosum?

A

fornix

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29
Q

what is the septum pellucidum?

A

it is a thin membrane that drapes down the corpus callosum and forms the walls of the lateral ventricles

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30
Q

what is the fornix?

A

it is a bundle of nerve fibers in the brain that transfers infromation from the hippocampus to the mamillary body and then the anterior nuclei of the thalamus

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31
Q

what is the interventricular foramen

A

connection between the 2 lateral ventricle and the 3rd ventricle –> small aperture in the fornix

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32
Q

what is most anteriorly and posteriorly in the diencephalon?

A

most anteriorly is the optic chiasma

most posteriorly is the mamillary body

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33
Q

what seperates the thalmaous and the hyperthalamous?

A

hypothalamic sulcus

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34
Q

what does the epithalamus and therefore pineal gland regulate?

A

cicada rhythm

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35
Q

what is the cicada rhythm?

A

are physical, mental and behavioral changes that follow a roughly 24-hour cycle, responding primarily to light and darkness in an organism’s environment

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36
Q

why is the pineal gland and epithalamus important diagnostically ?

A

it calcifies with age and is a midlien structure so MR scan can show if there is deviation or some sort of bleeding.

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37
Q

where do the fibers of the hippocampus go?

A

to the mamillary body via the fornix

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38
Q

where will the fibers from the mamillary body extend too?

A

the cingulate gyrus

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39
Q

how is parahippocampus gyrus formed and where?

A

it is a continuation of the cingulate gyrus and is underneath the diencephalon

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40
Q

what are primary sensory areas

A

specific sensory pathways terminate here, perceived sensation

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41
Q

what is the primary sensory area for general sensation?

A

Post central gyrus

42
Q

what is the priamry sensory area for vision?

A

either side of the calcarine sulcus (striate cortex)

43
Q

what is the priamry sensory area for auditory?

A

Heschl’s gyrus ( superior temporal gyri)

44
Q

what is the priamry sensory area for smell (olfactory)?

A

uncus

45
Q

what is the priamry sensory area for gustatory (smell)?

A

inferior post central gyrus

46
Q

what is the primary motor cortex?

A

pre central gyrus

47
Q

what is the secondary sensory areas involved in?

A

Receives input from primary sensory are

Involved in interpretation/understanding.

48
Q

what is the secondary area for General sensory (somaesthetic?

A

Superior parietal lobe

49
Q

what is the secondary area for visual?

A

pre striate area

50
Q

what is the secondary area for Auditory?

A

Lateral fissure/superior temporal gyri

51
Q

what are the second motor ara invovled in?

A

Secondary motor areas – Sends output to primary motor are Organises patterns of movement

52
Q

what is the secondary motor area for Premotor area

?

A

Anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface

53
Q

what is the supplementary motor field invovled in and whats it’s secondary motor area?

A

stability and anterior to your precentral gyrus on the medial surface

54
Q

what does equipotential motor area mean?

A

assocaited with both left and right side of the brain

55
Q

what occurs when there is damage to sencondary sensory areas?

A

leads to disorders of understanding = Agnosia –> you can still feel the object but won’t understand the signicance of the sensation of feel

56
Q

what occurs when there is damage to the secondary motor areas?

A

inability to carry out purposive movements, although there is no paralysis = Apraxia

57
Q

what is Parieto-temporal cortex?

A

Integrates information of different modalities

Involved in memory

58
Q

what is Prefrontal cortex?

A

Regulates moods and feelings

Involved in higher order cognitive functions –> Conceptualisation, planning, judgement

59
Q

which hemisphere is usually dominant?

A

left

60
Q

why is the left hemisphere usually more dominant?

A

more people are right handed and left hemisphere control right limbs

61
Q

what is the non dominant hemisphere assoicated with?

A

spatial awareness

62
Q

what is the dominant hemisphere usually associated with?

A

Auditory association specialised for linguistic function

63
Q

what are the two langues area found in dominant hemisphere?

A

posterior and anterior area

64
Q

what does the posterior area of the language area do?

A

Sensory or receptive
Understanding words
Known as Wernicke’s area

65
Q

what does the anterior area of the language area do?

A

Motor or expressive
Production of words
Known as Broca’s area

66
Q

what is the consequence of damage to the language area?

A

Inability to understand language
Inability to correctly articulate speech
aphasia

67
Q

what type of fibres does cingulate gyrus contain?

A

association fibers –> communicate within the same cerebral hemisphere

68
Q

what is cortical homunculus?

A

it is the idea of what your body thinks it looks like depending on sensory sensation. Your hands are very sensitive due to having a lot of senory receptors while your chest is not as much

69
Q

what is the general distrubution of the whole body on the pre/post central gyrus?

A

lateral and midline region.
The legs an hips are on the medial region of the gyrus while the hand are more lateral region. Face is very lateral region of the pre/post central gyrus

70
Q

what happens to the pre/postcentral gyrus if the anterior cerberallar artery is damaged?

A

then the blood supply to the medial region of the gyrus is damaged and this will affect sensory and motor innervation from the lower legs and hips

71
Q

what happens to the pre/postcentral gyrus if the middle cerberallar artery is damaged?

A

this supplies the lateral part of the brain and therefore lateral section of the gyrus is affected and therefore the hands and all of the face is affected

72
Q

what nucleus in the thalamus is invovled in general sensation of the body and were does it project too?

A

lateral ventral posterolateral nucleus recieves sensory input from the legs and projects to the midline

medial ventra; posterolateral nucleus recieves sensory input from the arms and projects to the lateral region

73
Q

what nucleus in the thalamus is invovled in general sensation of the face and were does it project too?

A

ventro posteromedial nucleus recieves sensroy input from the face and projects to the lateral region

74
Q

what is the primary and secondary association with general sensation?

A

primary –> postcentral gyrus

secondary –> superior parietal lobe

75
Q

what is the primary and secondary association with auditory?

A

the superior temporal gyrus is primary

secondary is –> lateral fissure/ superior temporal gyurs

76
Q

what is the primary and secondary association with vision?

A

primary –> either side of the calcrine sulcus –> striate cortex
secondary –> pre striate area

77
Q

what is the secondary assoication with motor?

A

premotor area –> is anterior to precentral sulcus on lateral surface
supplementary area –> stability–> anterior to precentral sulcus on medial surface
frontal eye field –> anterior to premotor area

78
Q

what does it mean by equipotential?

A

that what ever happens on the right happens on the left

79
Q

what areas does equipotential relate too?

A

the motor and secondary assoication area –> there is no higher dominance in these areas

80
Q

what is general assoication areas involved in?

A

more complex aspects of behaviour and intellectual functioning

81
Q

what is your prefrontal cortex controlling exactly?

A

it is controlling your mood and feelings based on past exprerience –> so the affect of something making you sad or happy or how you respond to things

82
Q

what area is damaged in aphasia, agnosia and apraxia?

A

aphasia –> the wernickes and broccas area of linguistic function
agnosia –> secondary sensory areas
apraxia –> secondary motor areas

83
Q

what are the two language areas?

A

wernickes area –> posterior area

broccas area –> anterior area

84
Q

which gyrus of the frontal lobe extend to the medial surface of the frontal lobe

A

the superior frontal gyrus and the pre central gyrus. The cingulate gyrus is also present on the meidal surface

85
Q

what is the inferior part of the frontal lobe made up of?

A

series of orbital gyris

86
Q

which structures of the parietal lobe are on it medial surface?

A

the post central gyrus and another part of the cingulate gyrus

87
Q

what sulcus forms the parahippocampus gyrus?

A

the collateral sulcus

88
Q

what is the role of the limbic lobe?

A

Limbic lobe containing regions for memory and emotional aspects of behaviour.

89
Q

what does the lentiform and caudate nucleus form?

A

corpus striatum nucleus

90
Q

where there are the frontal temporal and occipital poles located?

A

at the extreme ends of the frontal, temporal and occipital lobes

91
Q

olfactory tracts are found on the inferior/ventral surface of which lobe?

A

frontal lobe

92
Q

what 4 things is the brain protected by in life?

A

hiar
scalp
skull
meninges

93
Q

what is the secnd association cortex for frontal eye lid?

A

the anterior to the premotor area

94
Q

what gyrus of the frontal lobe go from the lateral surface to the medial surfae of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

the superior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus from lateral to medial surface.
Which is completed by part of the cingulate gyrus

95
Q

what gyrus does the inferior temporal gyrus lie next to on the inferior surface of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

the occipitotemporal gyrus

96
Q

what is the parahippocampus continous with?

A

hippocampus which is deep in the temporal lobe

97
Q

what is the internal capsule and where is it?

A

it is a dense fibre bundle of projection fibres deep in the brain.

98
Q

wheres in the cerebral hemisphere is the internal capusle?

A

lies next to the thalamus –> seperating it from deep grey matter structures

99
Q

where does the caudate nucleus lie and what is its shape?

A

lies next to the wall of the lateral ventricle

C shaped –> get head and tail of the caudate nucleus

100
Q

what is the ventricular system dervived from?

A

the cenetral canal of the neural tube

Control and movement (14 decks)

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