Week 1 Flashcards
What is included in the CNS
Brain and spinal cord
What is in the peripheral nervous system
Nerves linking CNS to rest of body
eg, spinal nerves; cranial nerves
What is the Left and right part of the brain called and what is there name when talking about them together?
Have L and R cerebral hemisphere –> cerebrum
What seperates the two cerebral hemispheres?
Great longituidal fissure
What is the name of the fold on the cerebral hemisphere and what does it increase
Fold is called gyrus and it increases the Surface area
?What is the grooves called in the cerebral hemisphere?
Sulcus
What is the positioning of grey matter in the brain?
Called the Cerebral cortex –> outer layer of the brain (surface) and contains nerve cell bodies
What is the positioning of white matter in the brain?
Underneath the grey matter and contains nerve axons
What does the central sulcus seperate?
Frontal lobe infront and parietal lobe behind
What lobe in the brain is udnerneath the lateral sulcus?
Temporal lobe
Which two gyrus are infront and behind the central sulcus
Precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
What does precentral gyrus do?
Every single motor axon ( nerve that innervats a muscle) comes from the precentral gyrus
What does postcentral gyrus do?
Sensory receptors come from the postcentral gyrus
Name the 5 lobes of the brain
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe and cerebellum
Is it in the medial plane or lateral plane that you can see the division between the parietal and ocipital lobe? What is that division called?
It is in the medial view and is called parietoccipital sulcus
What is the function of each part of the brain?
Temporal lobe –> hearing and part of memory
Occipital lobe–> vision
Frontal lobe –> cognitive skills, such as emotional expression and probelm solving, memory
Parietal lobe –> processing sensory information such as touch
Cerebrellum –> coordinates and regulates motor activity
What is the 3 parts of the brain stem
Medulla oblaganta, pons and midbrain (thalamus)
What does Pons do?
It connects the medulla oblaganta to the thalamus
What does the brain stem contain
The respiratory centre, cardiovascular centre etc
What does the 4th ventricle contain?
Cerebral spinal fluid –> cushion the brain and slow movement down
What does teh Diencephalon contain and what emotion does it control?
Contains the hypothalamus and the thalamus. Also the ANS. It deals with the emotion of rage
What is the ANS?
Controls the functions that we do not think about –> breathing for example
Function of thalamus?
important relay station between brainstem &
spinal cord and the cerebral cortex
What does the hypothalamus control?
ANS
Where do cranial nerves come from?
The diacephalon and the brain stem
Which end of the nerual tube froms the brain and the spinal cord
The rostral end forms the brain and the caudal end forms the spinal cord
What is the 3 swellings of the neural tube?
Forebrain-> prosencephalon
Midbrain –> mesencaphalon
Hindbrain-> Rhombecephalon
Is the neural tube hollow and what does it contain?
It is hollow and contains CSF
What do the 3 swellings of the neural tube develop too and what are there structures in the mature brain
Prosencephalon –> telencephalon –> cerebral hemisphere
Prosencephalon –> diencephalon –> diencephalon ( thalamus and hypothalamus
Mesencaphalon –> mesencaphalon –> midbrain
Rhombocephalon –> metecephalon –> pons and cerebellum
Rhombocephalon –>myelecephalon –> medulla oblaganta
Are the swellings of the neural tube formed at the rostral end or caudal end?
Rostral end and the caudal end forms the spinal cord
What is the structure of the dura
Tought and fibrous membrane
What is the name of structure is tightly adhered to the dura?
arachoid and its soft and translucent membrane
What is the positioning of the pia?
It is tightly adhered to the brain –> cannot seperate the two
What is the space between the pia and arachoid?
subarachnoid space that contains CSF
What is meninges?
the three membranes that line the skull and vertebral canal and enclose the brain and spinal cord.
What are the two foldings of the dura? When are they not tightly adhered to each other?
Outer Peristeal and inner meningeal. They are not tightly adhered together at the dural venous sinuses and various foldings
What is the route of venous blood in the brain?
superfecial vein –> superior sagital sinus –> confluence of sinuses
deep vens –> interal cerebral vein –> great cerebral vein –> confluences of sinuses
confluences of sinuses –> transverse sinus –> sigmoid sinus –> internal jugular vein
What is the falxi cerebri?
It is dura foldings between the cerebral hemispheres
what is the Tentorium cerebelli ?
It is dura folding between the occipital and cerebellum
Falx cerebrelli
between the cerebrellar hempispheres
What is the 02 consumption of the brain?
20%
What is a stroke?
Persistent neurological deficit of vascular origin
How common is a stroke over 65
1 in 100
What drains into the superior sagital sinus
superior cerebral veins
which sinus lies within the tentorium cerebelli
large straight sinus
What runs into the large straight sinus ?
is the great cerebral vein which drains the deep structures of the forebrain and the inferior sagittal sinuses
what does the transverse sinus drain?
the back of the brain
What is the transverse sinus continous with and what does this structure join?
continous with the sigmoid sinus that joins the internal jugular veins at the level of the jugular foramen
What branch is the verterbal artery from?
subclavin artery
how does the verterbal artery enter the skull
passing through the foramen magnum
what does the common carotid birfucate into?
External and interna
What does external and interal common carotid supply?
external –> face, scalp, neck
internal supplies the brain
What does the arch of the aorta split into
Braciocephalic trunch, left subclavin and left common carotid
what is the ponto medulla junction and what structure units at this point?
It is the junction between the pons and the medulla. The verterbral artery joins here to form the basilla artery
What are the anterior spinal artery?
small branches that come off the vertebral artery and supply the spinal cord
what is the first set of cerebellar artery to come of the vertebral artery?
posterior inferior cerebellar artery
What artery comes off the basilla to supply the pons
small pontine artery
What is the name of the artery that supplies the ear
the inner ear labyrinth artery –> branch of the small pontine artery
second artery to come off the basilla artery ?
anterior inferior cerebellar artery
What is the 3rd cereballar artery that comes off the basialla artery?
superior cerebellar artery
at what point does the basilla artery biruficate ?
pontine midline junction
What structure does the middle cerebral artery originate from
internal carotid artery
What is the course of the middle cerebral artery?
courses between the temporal lobe and frontal lobe and supplies the lateral surface of the cerebaral hemisphere
What branches of the middle cerebral artery?
lenticulostraite artery
What are the 3 communicating arteries and what circuit do they form?
1 anterior cerebral artery
2 posterior cerebral artery
from the circuit of willis
When is the circuit of willis used?
Helps to move the blood from the left to the right side when the pressure is not even on both sides of the arterial system
what does the lenticulostriate artery supply?
the deep nucleis in the brain
what does your Middle cerebral artery supply?
supply the majority of your lateral hemisphere –> te frontal lobe, parietal and termporal lobe
what does the anterior cerebral artery supply
medial surface of the brain –> medial surface of the frontal and parietal lobes
what does the posterior cerebral artery supply?
supply the visual cortex of the occipital lobe and the in erom edial aspect of the temporal lobe
what blood vessels supply the dura/meninges?
the anterior, middle and posterior meningeal arteries
where does the anterior meningeal artery come from and what does it supply?
branch of ethmoidal artery and supplies the anterior cranial fossa
what is the middle meningeal a branch of and what foramen does it come from?
Branch of the maxillary artery and goes through the foramen spinosum ( part of sphenoid)
what foramen does the posterior meningeal artery go through?
jugular foramen
what does the anterior cerebellar artery branch from?
the middle cerebellar artery
what is the course of the inferior sagittal sinusʔ
the inferior border of the falxi cerebri superior to the corpus callosum
what does the inferior sagittal sinus drain intoʔ
the straight sinus via the great vein
