week 6 control Flashcards
what is the forebrain made out of?
the diencephalon and cerebral hemisphere. Anything rostral to the midbrain
what is the forebrain dervived from?
the prosencephalon
what is the forebrain responsible for?
high level of processing, –> thought, memory, perception, anaylsis, planning and so forth
what are the three swellings of the neural tube?
Forebrain - Prosencephalon
Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon
what part of the neural tube forms the cerebral hemisphere?
telencephalon
in the neural tube what structure conneccts the 2 parts of the cerebral hemisphere ( telenchephalon)?
Lamina terminalis
In a grown human body what does the Lamina terminalis become?
the corpus callosum and anterior commisure
what area of the diencephalon is the optic chiasm and what nerve goes to it?
Most anterior to the hypothalamus –> optic nerve runs towards it
what seperates the thalamus and hypothalamus?
Hypothalamic sulcus
what is the thalamus and hypothalamus made up of?
Group of cell bodies –> nucleis
during development what is the positions of hypothalamus and thalamus in the diencaphalon?
Hypothalamus is ventral
thalamus is dorsal
what are the components and structure of thalamus?
one on each side and the 3rd ventricle is wedged between them
explain the function of the nucleis in the thalamus?
All but one (reticular nucleus) send fibers to specfic part of the cerebral cortex –> either motor or sensory –> very specific –> these are called relayed nuclei that are defined to a cortical area
what is the role of the hypothalamus?
autonomic and neuroendocrine functions
what is the subthalamus role?
Involved in motor control
what is hemiballismus ?
it is a lesion in the subthalamus –> have random hand movements –> unctrolled movement
what structure is in the Epithalamus and what does it secrete?
the pineal gland is within it and it secretes melatonin
what does melatonin do?
It recognised the onset of darkness
what does Anterior commissure do?
helps to communicate between the two hemispheres
what is the fornix and what does it do?
it is a buddle of white matter (axons) that connects the temporal lobe to the hypothalamus –> can do actions of learned behaviour
what does Pituitary stalk do?
connects the pituitary gland
what shapes does the telencephalon and most structures form in the brain?
C shape
what parts of the brain does the lateral ventricle occupy?
anterior horn –> frontal lobe
posteiror horn –> occipital lobe
inferior horn –> temporal lobe
what is the cerebral cortex made out of and how thick is it?
grey matter and 2-4mm
what is the name of the fibers that talk to the gyri of the same cerebral hemisphere
if they are next to each other then they are short association fibers
if they are different parts of the same hemisphere then they are long association fibers
what fibers communicate between hemisphers? GIve examples
commisural fibers –> corpus callosum and
anterior commissure
what does the anterior commissure do?
it connects the discrete parts of the cerebral hemispheres –> temporal lobe
what is projection fibers?
project from one structure to another -> usually on the same side –> projectiosn such as thalamus to cortex –> info to and from the hemispheres
what is internal capsules
they are projection fibers that connect the brain stem, thalamus and cortex
what does the deep grey matters form of the cerebral hemisphere?
basal ganglia
what structures form the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Lentiform nucleus
what are the two structures that make up the lentiform nucleus?
Globus pallidus
Putamen
what is basal ganglai involved in and what is it surrounded by?
invovled in movement control and surrounded by white matter
what does the ventricular system dervive from?
lumen of neural tube
what connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?
interventricular foramen
what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th
cerebral aquaduct
how does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarchnoid space?
via middle and lateral aperture
where is CSF produced and where does it go to?
produced by specialised areas lining the ventricles – Choroid plexus –> special epithelial cells
and go to the spinal cord and around the brain
how does CSF go to the dural venous sinuses?
via the archanoid villi
what is the functions of CSF?
Brain and spinal cord float to reduce traction
- Cushioning effect to dampen trauma
- Removes metabolites from CSF
- Provides stable environment brain to live in
what are common places of narrowing in the ventricle of CSF?
cerebral aqueduct and interventricular foramen
what is the condition that is caused when CSF is blocked?
Hydrocephalus
where does most of the CSF get produced?
choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle
how does CSF go to the venous system?
via the dural sinuses
– predominantly the superior sagittal sinus
what cortex does the anterior nucleus synapse too?
cingulate cortex
what cortex does the medial nucleus synapse too?
prefrontal cortex
what cortex does the ventral anterior nucleus synapse too?
pre motor cortex
what cortex does the ventral lateral nucleus synapse too?
primary motor cortex
what cortex does the ventral postolateral nucleus synapse too?
somatosensory nucleus
what cortex does the lateral geniculate nucleus synapse too?
visual cortex
what cortex does the medial geniculate nucleus synapse too?
auditory cortex
which component of the ventricular system is found in the pons?
4th ventricle
where is the 3rd ventricule found?
in the diencephalon region
which component of the ventricular system is found in the midbrain?
the cerebral aqueduct z
what is the name of the connection between the two thalamus
interthalamic adhesion
what does the interthalamic adhesion contain?
just a mass of tissue –> no axons or anything
what is the roof of the 4th ventricle
the superior cerebellar peduncle
what is the root of the medial aperture?
extends between the medulla and inferior border of the cerebellum
how is corpus striatum nucleus formed?
by the lentiform and caudate nucleus
what is the role of the corpus striatum?
part of the basal ganglia and invovled in initiating and controlling movement.
what is the shape of the caudate nucleus and how many times can you see it on a horizontal section?
C shaped and twice –> head and tail
what occurs when there is a lesion in the subthalamus and what is its name?
the hemiballismus and random uncontrolled movement of the upper limbs
what part of the internal capsule is next to the head of the caudate nucleus?
the anterior limb
what part of the internal capsule is lateral to the head of the thalamus?
the posterior limb
where can you see arachanoid granulations?
between the periosteal and meningeal layer of dura –> where the dural sinus is
what is the lentiform nucleus supplied by?
MCA
what is the name of the lesion of the optic chiasma?
chiasmal syndrome
what occurs in chiasmal syndrome?
it is lesion of the optic chiasma –> it is split longitudinally and thereefore get visial field defect
