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Control and movement > week 6 control > Flashcards

week 6 control Flashcards

1
Q

what is the forebrain made out of?

A

the diencephalon and cerebral hemisphere. Anything rostral to the midbrain

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2
Q

what is the forebrain dervived from?

A

the prosencephalon

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3
Q

what is the forebrain responsible for?

A

high level of processing, –> thought, memory, perception, anaylsis, planning and so forth

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4
Q

what are the three swellings of the neural tube?

A

Forebrain - Prosencephalon
Midbrain - Mesencephalon
Hindbrain - Rhombencephalon

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5
Q

what part of the neural tube forms the cerebral hemisphere?

A

telencephalon

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6
Q

in the neural tube what structure conneccts the 2 parts of the cerebral hemisphere ( telenchephalon)?

A

Lamina terminalis

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7
Q

In a grown human body what does the Lamina terminalis become?

A

the corpus callosum and anterior commisure

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8
Q

what area of the diencephalon is the optic chiasm and what nerve goes to it?

A

Most anterior to the hypothalamus –> optic nerve runs towards it

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9
Q

what seperates the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

Hypothalamic sulcus

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10
Q

what is the thalamus and hypothalamus made up of?

A

Group of cell bodies –> nucleis

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11
Q

during development what is the positions of hypothalamus and thalamus in the diencaphalon?

A

Hypothalamus is ventral

thalamus is dorsal

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12
Q

what are the components and structure of thalamus?

A

one on each side and the 3rd ventricle is wedged between them

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13
Q

explain the function of the nucleis in the thalamus?

A

All but one (reticular nucleus) send fibers to specfic part of the cerebral cortex –> either motor or sensory –> very specific –> these are called relayed nuclei that are defined to a cortical area

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14
Q

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

autonomic and neuroendocrine functions

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15
Q

what is the subthalamus role?

A

Involved in motor control

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16
Q

what is hemiballismus ?

A

it is a lesion in the subthalamus –> have random hand movements –> unctrolled movement

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17
Q

what structure is in the Epithalamus and what does it secrete?

A

the pineal gland is within it and it secretes melatonin

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18
Q

what does melatonin do?

A

It recognised the onset of darkness

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19
Q

what does Anterior commissure do?

A

helps to communicate between the two hemispheres

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20
Q

what is the fornix and what does it do?

A

it is a buddle of white matter (axons) that connects the temporal lobe to the hypothalamus –> can do actions of learned behaviour

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21
Q

what does Pituitary stalk do?

A

connects the pituitary gland

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22
Q

what shapes does the telencephalon and most structures form in the brain?

A

C shape

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23
Q

what parts of the brain does the lateral ventricle occupy?

A

anterior horn –> frontal lobe
posteiror horn –> occipital lobe
inferior horn –> temporal lobe

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24
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made out of and how thick is it?

A

grey matter and 2-4mm

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25
Q

what is the name of the fibers that talk to the gyri of the same cerebral hemisphere

A

if they are next to each other then they are short association fibers
if they are different parts of the same hemisphere then they are long association fibers

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26
Q

what fibers communicate between hemisphers? GIve examples

A

commisural fibers –> corpus callosum and

anterior commissure

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27
Q

what does the anterior commissure do?

A

it connects the discrete parts of the cerebral hemispheres –> temporal lobe

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28
Q

what is projection fibers?

A

project from one structure to another -> usually on the same side –> projectiosn such as thalamus to cortex –> info to and from the hemispheres

29
Q

what is internal capsules

A

they are projection fibers that connect the brain stem, thalamus and cortex

30
Q

what does the deep grey matters form of the cerebral hemisphere?

A

basal ganglia

31
Q

what structures form the basal ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus

Lentiform nucleus

32
Q

what are the two structures that make up the lentiform nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus

Putamen

33
Q

what is basal ganglai involved in and what is it surrounded by?

A

invovled in movement control and surrounded by white matter

34
Q

what does the ventricular system dervive from?

A

lumen of neural tube

35
Q

what connects the lateral ventricle to the 3rd ventricle?

A

interventricular foramen

36
Q

what connects the 3rd ventricle to the 4th

A

cerebral aquaduct

37
Q

how does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarchnoid space?

A

via middle and lateral aperture

38
Q

where is CSF produced and where does it go to?

A

produced by specialised areas lining the ventricles – Choroid plexus –> special epithelial cells
and go to the spinal cord and around the brain

39
Q

how does CSF go to the dural venous sinuses?

A

via the archanoid villi

40
Q

what is the functions of CSF?

A

Brain and spinal cord float to reduce traction

  1. Cushioning effect to dampen trauma
  2. Removes metabolites from CSF
  3. Provides stable environment brain to live in
41
Q

what are common places of narrowing in the ventricle of CSF?

A

cerebral aqueduct and interventricular foramen

42
Q

what is the condition that is caused when CSF is blocked?

A

Hydrocephalus

43
Q

where does most of the CSF get produced?

A

choroid plexus in the lateral ventricle

44
Q

how does CSF go to the venous system?

A

via the dural sinuses

– predominantly the superior sagittal sinus

45
Q

what cortex does the anterior nucleus synapse too?

A

cingulate cortex

46
Q

what cortex does the medial nucleus synapse too?

A

prefrontal cortex

47
Q

what cortex does the ventral anterior nucleus synapse too?

A

pre motor cortex

48
Q

what cortex does the ventral lateral nucleus synapse too?

A

primary motor cortex

49
Q

what cortex does the ventral postolateral nucleus synapse too?

A

somatosensory nucleus

50
Q

what cortex does the lateral geniculate nucleus synapse too?

A

visual cortex

51
Q

what cortex does the medial geniculate nucleus synapse too?

A

auditory cortex

52
Q

which component of the ventricular system is found in the pons?

A

4th ventricle

53
Q

where is the 3rd ventricule found?

A

in the diencephalon region

54
Q

which component of the ventricular system is found in the midbrain?

A

the cerebral aqueduct z

55
Q

what is the name of the connection between the two thalamus

A

interthalamic adhesion

56
Q

what does the interthalamic adhesion contain?

A

just a mass of tissue –> no axons or anything

57
Q

what is the roof of the 4th ventricle

A

the superior cerebellar peduncle

58
Q

what is the root of the medial aperture?

A

extends between the medulla and inferior border of the cerebellum

59
Q

how is corpus striatum nucleus formed?

A

by the lentiform and caudate nucleus

60
Q

what is the role of the corpus striatum?

A

part of the basal ganglia and invovled in initiating and controlling movement.

61
Q

what is the shape of the caudate nucleus and how many times can you see it on a horizontal section?

A

C shaped and twice –> head and tail

62
Q

what occurs when there is a lesion in the subthalamus and what is its name?

A

the hemiballismus and random uncontrolled movement of the upper limbs

63
Q

what part of the internal capsule is next to the head of the caudate nucleus?

A

the anterior limb

64
Q

what part of the internal capsule is lateral to the head of the thalamus?

A

the posterior limb

65
Q

where can you see arachanoid granulations?

A

between the periosteal and meningeal layer of dura –> where the dural sinus is

66
Q

what is the lentiform nucleus supplied by?

A

MCA

67
Q

what is the name of the lesion of the optic chiasma?

A

chiasmal syndrome

68
Q

what occurs in chiasmal syndrome?

A

it is lesion of the optic chiasma –> it is split longitudinally and thereefore get visial field defect

Control and movement (14 decks)

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