week 8 cardiac cells & acids

Question 1

Myocardial muscle contraction depends on 3 factors:

Answer 1

(1) electrical stimulation from the conduction system
(2) adequate amounts of ATP (energy)
(3) adequate amounts of the calcium ion.

Question 2

most spinal cord ends @

Answer 2

L2

Question 3

Hydrocephalus:

Answer 3

when too much CSF→ drain isnt working or making too much much

Question 4

Neuron RP:
AP:

Answer 4

= -70mV
= -55mV

Question 5

Hemostasis:

Answer 5

blood vessels being intact → constrict when shot, platelet coagulation 3 step process & making fibrin

Question 6

Positive feedback loop:

Answer 6

exaggerate things→ childbirth release oxytocin in excess

Question 7

bohR effect:

Answer 7

+ CO2, -pH, +temp, +BPG 2,3 → releases oxy in body

Question 8

haLden effect:

Answer 8

-CO2, +pH, -temp, -BPG 2,3, in Lungs, hemoglobin Loves & picks up oxy

Question 9

Met-hemoglobin:
Met-hemoglobin anemia:
methlyblue:

Answer 9

= “jacked up” not avail/ for carrying from nitrates → eating & drinking
= OD of nitrates
=antidote for met-hemoglobin

Question 10

3 buffer systems fastest-slowest:

Answer 10

= 1. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system (relys on lung system)
= 2. Protein buffer system→ Amino-acid chains pick CO2, thus carbaminohemoglobin Hb + CO2 bc greater affinity than oxy
=3. Phosphate buffer system= (slowest buffer) kidneys w/ nephrons
Loop-diuretics→ loosens to loose water

Question 11

H2CO3 +, PaCO2- ,pH- (acid) breathing is:

Answer 11

bradypnea

Question 12

H2CO3-, PaCO2+, pH+ (alk) breathing is:

Answer 12

Tachypnea

Question 13

Lipolysis:

Answer 13

cut down lipids +CO2 thus acidosis

Question 14

Trousseau’s sign:

Answer 14

Ca binding too much and flexing in in hands “gay hand penguin”

Question 15

ABG’s: Arterial blood gases: 3 names

Answer 15

1 step naming: look at pH lvl: compensated or uncomp/
Middle name: look at HCO3 (exhaled) resp or metabolic
Last name: HCO2 acid or alkalosis

Question 16

Autorhythmic cells RP
AP

Answer 16

= resting potential -60mV
= Action potential -40mV

Question 17

Contractile cells RP:
AP:
Cell gap junctions “doors” with rhythmic cells:

Answer 17

= Resting potential -90mV
= Action potential -85mV
= SA node cell gives ions (Na + Ca) to contractile cell

Question 18

Rapid influx of what ion depolarizes a cardiac autorhythmic cell?

Answer 18

Calcium

Question 19

Slow influx of what ion brings a cardiac autorhythmic cell from RP-AP:

Answer 19

Sodium

Question 20

Efflux of what ion repolarizes a cardiac autorhythmic cell?

Answer 20

Potassium

Question 21

blood travels into an area of the body where there is +CO2, +temp, -pH, hemoglobin should do what to oxy & effect name:

Answer 21

= Decrease it’s affinity to oxygen:
= Bohr

Question 22

Neuron RP:
AP:

Answer 22

= -70mV
= -55mV

Question 23

Before Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II, it must mix w/ what that is found in the lungs.

Answer 23

=angiotensin Converting Enzyme

Question 24

Slow influx of what ion gets a neuron from RP (-70 mV) to AP(-55 mV)?

Answer 24

= Sodium

Question 25

Normal ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid in healthy adult PT:
Respiratory acidosis ratio:
metabolic acidosis:

Answer 25

= 20:1
= 20:4
= 15:1

Question 26

What is the main preganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS:

Answer 26

= Acetylcholine

Question 27

What is main neurotransmitter of entire parasympathetic NS, both pre & post ganglionic:

Answer 27

= Acetylcholine

Question 28

What cells in the kidneys monitor BP & will the release renin if detect poor perfusion?

Answer 28

= JG cells

Question 29

Efflux of what ion is responsible for a cardiac contractile cell to repolarize:

Answer 29

= Potassium

Question 30

Involuntary control of the body are subdivisions under which branch

Answer 30

Autonomic branch

Question 31

When neuron reaches AP, rapid influx of what ion causes depolarizing?

Answer 31

Sodium

Question 32

blood travels into where there is -CO2,-temp,& +pH, hemoglobin should what to oxy & is what effect:

Answer 32

= Increase its affinity towards oxygen
= haLdene effect

Question 33

rapid influx of what ion depolarizes a cardiac contractile cell:

Answer 33

Sodium

Question 34

main postganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system & it’s exception:

Answer 34

= Sodium
= Sweat glands

Question 35

After a cardiac cell depolarizes & repolarizes, the Na/K pumps kick in to move ions back to their starting positions. When these are working, they pump how many Na out & K in the cell during each cycle?

Answer 35

= 3 Na
= 2 K

Question 36

BP formula:
CO formula:

Answer 36

= BP=(SV X HR) X SVR
= CO = SV X HR

Question 37

Chronotropy:
Dromotropy:
Inotropy:

Answer 37

= Heart rate
= Speed of impulses (heart)
= Contraction force (heart)