week 8 cardiac cells & acids Flashcards
Myocardial muscle contraction depends on 3 factors:
(1) electrical stimulation from the conduction system
(2) adequate amounts of ATP (energy)
(3) adequate amounts of the calcium ion.
most spinal cord ends @
L2
Hydrocephalus:
when too much CSF→ drain isnt working or making too much much
Neuron RP:
AP:
= -70mV
= -55mV
Hemostasis:
blood vessels being intact → constrict when shot, platelet coagulation 3 step process & making fibrin
Positive feedback loop:
exaggerate things→ childbirth release oxytocin in excess
bohR effect:
+ CO2, -pH, +temp, +BPG 2,3 → releases oxy in body
haLden effect:
-CO2, +pH, -temp, -BPG 2,3, in Lungs, hemoglobin Loves & picks up oxy
Met-hemoglobin:
Met-hemoglobin anemia:
methlyblue:
= “jacked up” not avail/ for carrying from nitrates → eating & drinking
= OD of nitrates
=antidote for met-hemoglobin
3 buffer systems fastest-slowest:
= 1. Carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system (relys on lung system)
= 2. Protein buffer system→ Amino-acid chains pick CO2, thus carbaminohemoglobin Hb + CO2 bc greater affinity than oxy
=3. Phosphate buffer system= (slowest buffer) kidneys w/ nephrons
Loop-diuretics→ loosens to loose water
H2CO3 +, PaCO2- ,pH- (acid) breathing is:
bradypnea
H2CO3-, PaCO2+, pH+ (alk) breathing is:
Tachypnea
Lipolysis:
cut down lipids +CO2 thus acidosis
Trousseau’s sign:
Ca binding too much and flexing in in hands “gay hand penguin”
ABG’s: Arterial blood gases: 3 names
1 step naming: look at pH lvl: compensated or uncomp/
Middle name: look at HCO3 (exhaled) resp or metabolic
Last name: HCO2 acid or alkalosis
Autorhythmic cells RP
AP
= resting potential -60mV
= Action potential -40mV
Contractile cells RP:
AP:
Cell gap junctions “doors” with rhythmic cells:
= Resting potential -90mV
= Action potential -85mV
= SA node cell gives ions (Na + Ca) to contractile cell
Rapid influx of what ion depolarizes a cardiac autorhythmic cell?
Calcium
Slow influx of what ion brings a cardiac autorhythmic cell from RP-AP:
Sodium
Efflux of what ion repolarizes a cardiac autorhythmic cell?
Potassium
blood travels into an area of the body where there is +CO2, +temp, -pH, hemoglobin should do what to oxy & effect name:
= Decrease it’s affinity to oxygen:
= Bohr
Neuron RP:
AP:
= -70mV
= -55mV
Before Angiotensin I is converted to Angiotensin II, it must mix w/ what that is found in the lungs.
=angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Slow influx of what ion gets a neuron from RP (-70 mV) to AP(-55 mV)?
= Sodium
Normal ratio of bicarbonate ions to carbonic acid in healthy adult PT:
Respiratory acidosis ratio:
metabolic acidosis:
= 20:1
= 20:4
= 15:1
What is the main preganglionic neurotransmitter of sympathetic NS:
= Acetylcholine
What is main neurotransmitter of entire parasympathetic NS, both pre & post ganglionic:
= Acetylcholine
What cells in the kidneys monitor BP & will the release renin if detect poor perfusion?
= JG cells
Efflux of what ion is responsible for a cardiac contractile cell to repolarize:
= Potassium
Involuntary control of the body are subdivisions under which branch
Autonomic branch
When neuron reaches AP, rapid influx of what ion causes depolarizing?
Sodium
blood travels into where there is -CO2,-temp,& +pH, hemoglobin should what to oxy & is what effect:
= Increase its affinity towards oxygen
= haLdene effect
rapid influx of what ion depolarizes a cardiac contractile cell:
Sodium
main postganglionic neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system & it’s exception:
= Sodium
= Sweat glands
After a cardiac cell depolarizes & repolarizes, the Na/K pumps kick in to move ions back to their starting positions. When these are working, they pump how many Na out & K in the cell during each cycle?
= 3 Na
= 2 K
BP formula:
CO formula:
= BP=(SV X HR) X SVR
= CO = SV X HR
Chronotropy:
Dromotropy:
Inotropy:
= Heart rate
= Speed of impulses (heart)
= Contraction force (heart)
