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Emrg 1230 > Week 8- Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System > Flashcards

Week 8- Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main structures of the upper respiratory tract?

A
  • Nose
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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2
Q

What are the main structures of the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Trachea
  • Bronchial tree (bronchioles)
  • Lungs
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3
Q

Nose

A
  • Bone and cartilage
  • Nostrils (nares)
  • Nasal cavity
  • Palate- hard and soft palates
  • Nasal septum
  • Nasal turbinate
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4
Q

What is the purpose of the nose?

A
  • Passageway for air going to and from the lungs (can be bypassed and go directly through the mouth)
  • Warm
  • Moisten
  • Trap microorganisms
  • Functions to examine for substances that might irritate the delicate lining of the respiratory tract
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5
Q

Paranasal sinuses

A
  • Air filled cavities
  • 4 main pairs- frontal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid
  • Lined with ciliated mucous membranes
  • Secreted mucus drains into the nasal cavity
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6
Q

Sinusitis

A
  • Allergic reactions or infections
  • Membranes swell
  • Drainage is reduced or blocked
  • Increased fluid pressure causes sinus headaches
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7
Q

Pharynx (throat)

A
  • Approx. 5 inches long- extends from the base of the skull to the esophagus
  • Made of muscle and lined with mucous membranes
  • Has 3 anatomical divisons: nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
  • Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids when enlarged) are located in the nasopharynx
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8
Q

What are the 3 anatomical divisions of the pharynx?

A
  • Nasopharynx- behind the nose from the nares to the soft palate
  • Oropharynx- behind the mouth from the soft palate to the hyoid bone
  • Laryngophaynx- hyoid bone to espohagus
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9
Q

Where is the hyoid bone located?

A
  • Located between the chin ad thyroid cartilage, also called “tongue bone”
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10
Q

Tonsils

A
  • Lymphatic tissue
  • Palatine (side of the pharynx)
  • Pharyngeal- (adenoids) upper end of the pharynx
  • Lingual- back of the tongue
  • Sites of immune reactions
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11
Q

Larynx

A
  • Triangle shaped- cartilages attached together by muscles and tissues
  • Lined by mucous membranes (helps to remove dust particles and warmed/ humidified inspired air during inspiration)
  • Serves to protect the airway against the entrance of solids of liquids during swallowing
  • Voice box
  • Passageway for air from the pharynx to traches
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12
Q

9 cartilages make up the larynx- 3 largest are?

A

1) Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)

2) Epiglottis

3) Arytenoid cartilage

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13
Q

Thyroid cartilage (Adam’s Apple)

A
  • Gives characteristic triangle shape to the anterior wall
  • Usually larger and less padded in mean
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14
Q

Epiglottis

A
  • small leaf shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bones.
  • Can move up and won during swallowing to keep food/ drink from the trachea
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15
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A
  • Borders the cricoid cartilage and serve as points of attachment for the vocal cords
  • Vocal cords are the narrowest portion of adult airway
  • Cricoid ring is the narrowest portion of pediatric airway
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16
Q

Vocal Chords

A
  • Relaxed during normal breathing
  • Contracted- they produce sounds
  • Opening is the glottis
17
Q

When swallowing

A
  • Larynx moves up
  • Epiglottis covers the tracheal opening and directs food into the esophagus
  • When it doesn’t work, cough reflex attempts to expel foreign material
18
Q

Trachea (windpipe)

A
  • Approx. 10 cm long, 2.5cm in diameter
  • Bifurcates at the carina
  • Larynx to the primary bronchi
  • Cartilaginous ring support to support airway- open posteriorly to allow the esophagus to expand
  • Simple function is to allow air to get from the outside to the lungs
19
Q

Bronchial Tree

A
  • Primarily bronchi- Rt 25 degree, Lt- 45 degree
  • Secondary bronchi- 3 right, 2 left
  • Tertiary bronchi
  • Terminal bronchioles- alveolar ducts, alveoli
  • Cartilage decreases with size and absent in the bronchioles
  • Smooth muscles increases
20
Q

What is the purpose of the bronchial tree?

A
  • Tubes composing the bronchial tree perform the same function as the trachea
  • The alveoli- enveloped in networks of capillaries, accomplish the lungs main and vital function- gas exchange between air and blood
21
Q

The air purification system in the nasal passages:

A
  • Almost all contaminants are removed prior to the air reaching the bronchioles and alveoli
  • There is a layer of mucus that lines the respiratory tree that is the most important purification system
  • Forms a continuous sheet (125 mls/day) called the mucous blanket, moving containments up towards the pharynx (moved by cilia that can move in only one direction
22
Q

Blood Supply

A
  1. Deoxygenated blood is carried from the heart to the lungs by the pulmonary arteries and arterioles
  2. Gas exchange takes place at the capillaries covering the alveoli
  3. Oxygenated blood is carried from the lungs to the heart by the pulmonary veins and venules
  • Gas exchange is most efficient in the alveoli, but a significant amount of gas is also exchanged across the respiratory bronchioles
  • Bronchioles are thin and lack structure which is helpful for gas exchange
23
Q

Lungs

A
  • 2 cone shaped organs separated by the mediastinum
  • From the diaphragm to the clavicles, lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly
  • Right lung- 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
  • Left lung- 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
  • Constant primarily of air passages, alveoli, blood & lymphatic vessels, connective tissues - spongy, soft texture
24
Q

What 2 functions do the lungs serve?

A

1) Air distribution
2) Gas exchange
- Air distribution is done via bronchial tree
- Gas exchange is done via the alveoli and capillaries

  • Most effective for gas exchange because of the massive surface area they provide
25
Q

Lung Recoil

A
  • Rebound of the lungs after being stretched by inhalation
  • Recoil is related to lung compliance (good chest rise)
  • Passive action of the thoracic cavity and the lungs
  • Occurs because of: the elastic properties of the lungs, surface tension of the alveoli and their ability and tendency to decrease in size
26
Q

Tidal Volume

A
  • The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each normal breath
  • In a healthy adult, normal tidal volume would be 500 mls (0.5L) per inspiration or 7 ml/kg
    of body weight
27
Q

Residual Volume

A
  • Air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration
  • Usually 1200 mls (1.2L)
28
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A
  • Maximum volume that can be moved out of the respiratory tract after normal. regular expiration
  • Usually approx. 1000-1200 mls (1.0-1.2 L)
29
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A
  • The maximal amount of additional air that can be drawn into the lungs by determined effort after normal inspiration
  • Usually approx. 3000-3300 mls (3.0-3.3 L)
30
Q

Functional Residual Capacity

A
  • Refers to the volume of air left in the lungs after a normal, passive exhalation
  • Sum of ERV + RV
  • Increase is seen with severe airway obstruction as in COPD
31
Q

Inspiratory Capacity

A
  • The maximum volume of air that can be inspired after reaching the end of a normal, quiet expiration
  • It is the sum of the TV + IRV
32
Q

Vital Capacity

A
  • The largest volume of air an individual can move in and out of the lungs
  • TV + IRV + ERV
  • Typically 4500-5000 mls (4.5-5.0L)

Emrg 1230 (24 decks)

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