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Emrg 1230 > Week 11- Nervous System > Flashcards

Week 11- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

The Brain

A
  • Communication and control centre of the body
  • Receives, processes and evaluates many kinds of input, decides on the response needed, and acts on that
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2
Q

What is the brain controlled by?

A
  • Involuntary activity- Autonomic Nervous System
  • Voluntary- Somatic Nervous System
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3
Q

What is the brain protected by?

A
  • The skull
  • Meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
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4
Q

Meninges

A
  • Consists of 3 continuous connective tissue membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
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5
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • Outer layer
  • Tough, fibrous double layered membrane
  • Forms the dural sinuses which collect venous blood and CSF for return to the general circulation
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6
Q

Subdural Space- Lies beneath the dura

A
  • Potential space
  • Normally, empty but can fill with blood after an injury
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7
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • Middle layer
  • Loose, web like covering
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8
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A
  • Contains CSF and cerebral arteries and veins
  • Lies below the arachnoid
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9
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • Inner layer
  • Delicate, connective tissue that adheres closely to all convolutions to the surface of the brain
  • Contains many small blood vessels
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10
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A
  • Provides a cushion for the brain and spinal cord
  • Clear, almost colourless liquid
  • Formed in the ventricles in the brain and flows into the subarachnoid space
  • Here it circulates around the brain and spinal cord eventually returns to the venous blood
  • To maintain normal pressures (ICP), it is important that equal amounts of CSF
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11
Q

CSF & Arachnoid Vili

A
  • Small protrusions of the through the dura mater
  • They protrude into the venous sinuses of the brain, and allow CSF to exit the subarachnoid space and enter the bloodstream
  • Once in the bloodstream, it is carried away and filtered by the kidneys and liver the same way other fluids are
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12
Q

Blood Brain Barrier

A
  • Protective mechanism provided by relatively impermeable capillaries in the brain
  • Cells are tightly joined together rather than possessing pores
  • This barrier limits the passage of potentially damaging materials into the brain and controls the delicate balance of electrolytes, glucose and proteins in the brain
  • Lipid soluble substances can still pass through
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13
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A
  • Make up the largest portion of the brain
  • 2 hemispheres separated by a fissure
  • Each hemisphere is divided into 4 major lobes (frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal)
  • Each has specific functions
  • Each hemisphere is concerned with voluntary movement and sensory function in the opposite side of the body
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14
Q

What are the 2 areas involved in language

A
  1. Broca’s area
  2. Wernicke’s area
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15
Q

Broca’s Area

A
  • Motor or expressive speech area
  • Controls the output of words, both verbal and written and ensures they are coordinated in an appropriate and understandable way
  • Located at the base of the left frontal lobe
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16
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A
  • Integration centre that comprehends language received, both written and spoken
  • Located in the posterior temporal lobe
  • Has connective fibres to the visual and auditory areas
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17
Q

Limbic System

A
  • In cerebral hemispheres
  • Not a separate system but a collection of structures
  • Responsible for emotional reactions and feelings
  • Has many connections to all areas of the brain
  • Linked to the hypothalamus- responsible for the autonomic responses associated with emotions (altered BP, nausea, etc)
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18
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Central portion of the brain
  • Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus
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19
Q

Thalamus

A
  • Main nerve bodies that serve as a sorting and relay station for incoming sensory impulses
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20
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Key role in maintaining homeostasis in the body
  • Regulation of body temp, intake of food and fluid and the regulation of sleep cycles
  • Regulations of libido
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21
Q

Brainstem

A
  • Connects the brain to the spinal cord
  • Contains: Pads, Medulla Oblongata, RAS
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22
Q

Pons

A
  • Contains afferent (incoming) and efferent (outgoing) fibers
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23
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A
  • Vital control centre that regulate respiratory and cardiovascular function
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24
Q

RAS (Reticular Activating System)

A
  • Determines the degree or awareness of the cerebral cortex (decides which of the incoming sensory impulses the brain ignores and which it notices)
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25
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • Lies dorsal to pons and medulla, below the occipital lobe
  • Function to coordinate movement and maintain posture and equilibrium
  • Takes impulses from visual pathways, vestibular pathways (inner ear), propioceptors in joints and muscles
26
Q

Blood Supply to the Brain

A
  • Supplied by the internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries
  • Each internal carotid is a branch of the left and right common carotid
  • Vertebral arteries branch off the subclavian arteries
  • Each of these artery’s branch to form smaller arteries that provide the blood supply to the entire brain
  • Once deoxygenated, venous blood from the brain collects in the dural sinuses and then drains into the right and left jugular veins to be returned to the heart
27
Q

Circle of Willis

A
  • Structure located inside the head that supplies blood to the brain
  • Ensures blood flow remains unimpeded in case any of the principal supplies are damaged
  • This means if one of the vessels supplying blood to the brain is blocked or narrowed, the other vessels can preserve cerebral perfusion to prevent ischemia
28
Q

How many cranial nerves do we have?

A
  • 12 Pairs
29
Q

Where do the cranial nerves originate from?

A
  • Originate from the brainstem and pass into the skull to serve structures in the head and neck
  • May consist of motor fibres only or sensor fibres, or a mix of both
30
Q

Oh, Oh, Oh To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina, So Hot

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Spinal accessory
Hypoglossal

31
Q

Olfactory

A
  • Sensory, smell
32
Q

Optic

A
  • Sensory, vision
33
Q

Oculomotor

A
  • Motor, eye movements including eyelids
34
Q

Trochlear

A
  • Motor, eye movements
35
Q

Trigeminal

A
  • Sensory/ motor, general sensory- eye, nose, face, or oral cavity, teeth
  • Speech muscles
36
Q

Abducens

A
  • Motor, eye movements
37
Q

Facial

A
  • Sensory/ motor, taste, muscles of facial expression, scalp muscles
38
Q

Vestibuculocochlear

A
  • sensory/ motor, taste, gag reflex
39
Q

Vagus

A
  • Sensory/ motor, external ear, parts of taste, heart and lungs smooth muscle, glands of GI system, diaphragm
40
Q

Spinal Accessory

A
  • Motor, voluntary muscle of pharynx, head movements
41
Q

Hypoglossal

A
  • Motor, muscles of the tongue
42
Q

Spinal Cord

A
  • Protected by the bony vertebral column, meniges and CSF
  • Starts at the medulla oblongata and ends at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebrae
  • Past thus, there is a bundle of nerve roots known as the Cauda Equina
  • Consists of nerves that innervate the skeletal muscles
  • Ascending and descending tracts
43
Q

Ascending and Descending Tracts

A
  • Ascending relay information from the skeletal muscles to the brain
  • Descending from the brain to the muscles for movement
44
Q

Spinal Nerves

A
  • 31 pairs located in the spinal column
  • Carry motor and sensory fibres to and from the organs and tissues
  • Innervate at the skin level- called dermatomes
45
Q

Reflexes

A
  • Automatic, rapid, involuntary responses to a stimulus
  • Involves a stimulus from a receptor that is conducted along an afferent nerve fibre, tells the brain, send an efferent stimulus back to the peripheral nerve to elicit a response
  • Can also have acquired reflexes (salivation with smell of food)
46
Q

Neurons

A
  • Highly specialized cells that conduct impulses throughout the CNS and PNS
  • Require glucose and O2 for metabolism
  • Structure can vary depending on its function
  • They all have: dendrite, cell body, axon, covered in myelin sheath, nodes of ranvier
47
Q

Dendrite

A
  • Receptor site, conducts the impulse towards the cell body
48
Q

Cell Body

A
  • Contains the nucleus
49
Q

Axon

A
  • Conducts impulses away from the cell body towards the effector site or connecting neuron
50
Q

Covered in myelin sheath

A
  • Insulates the fibre and speeds up the rate of conduction
51
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A
  • Spaces between the myelin sheath
52
Q

Impulse Transmission

A
  • Impulses are transmitted from cell to cell via chemical neurotransmitters
  • Involves the presynaptic and postsynaptic synapses
  • Axon and receptor are separated by a synaptic cleft- filled with fluid
  • In order for impulses to travel along, the released chemical flows across the cleft to the receiving receptor (Receptors are specific for each type of chemical)
53
Q

What are the different types of neurotransmitters?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepi/ Epinephrine
  • Dopamine
  • Serotonin
54
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • Chief neurotransmitters in the PNS
55
Q

Norepi/ Epinephrine

A
  • Neurotransmitters in the SNS
  • Causes vasoconstriction and increase in HR
  • Stimulates alpha and beta receptors
56
Q

Dopamine

A
  • Released when your body is expecting a reward
  • Cycle of motivation, reward, reinforcement
57
Q

Serotonin

A
  • Mood, sexual desire and function, appetite, sleep, memory and learning, temperature regulation, and some social behaviour
58
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Acts as the involuntary control
  • Incorporates the SNS and PNS (typically have antagonistic effects, key in maintaining homeostasis)
  • SNS & PNS
59
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Increases the level of activity including cardio, resp and neuro functions
  • Fight or flight, stress
  • Involve release of Ach, epi, and norepi
60
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A
  • Dominates the digestive system and aids in the recovery after the sympathetic stimulation
  • Responsible for slowing RR, HR, constriction of pupils
  • Largely innervated by the vagus nerve
  • Active chemical neurotransmitter is Ach as well

Emrg 1230 (24 decks)

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