Week 8

Question 1

What are common causes of Upper airway respiratory infections?

Answer 1

tonsilitis
pharyngitis
laryngitis
sinusitis
otitis media
common cold

Question 2

What is the most frequent acute illness in the world?

Answer 2

Common cold

Question 3

What is the main cause of the common cold?

Answer 3

rhinoviruses responsible for 30-50%

coronavirus 10 - 15%

Question 4

What is the common cold?

Answer 4

infection of the mucous membranes of the resp tract

Question 5

How many types of rhinovirusus and other virusus have been identified with the common cold

Answer 5

rhinovirus - 100 types

over 200 typoes of substrates

Question 6

What are the causes of croup?

Answer 6

Para influenza, RSV

Question 7

How does the cold and flu spread?

Answer 7

Droplet and contact

Question 8

how does the flu work?

Answer 8

1. virus enters resp tract
2. virus starts to replicate. resp tract becomes swollen and inflammed
3. once in resp tract, virus then enters bloodstream.

Question 9

What are some complications secondary to the flu?

Answer 9

Chest infections
Pneumonia
Exacerbation of existing illness

Question 10

What is an epidemic?

Answer 10

disease appears in a given human population, during a given period, at a rate that exceeds what’s expected

Question 11

What is a pandemic

Answer 11

an epidemic that spreads across a large region

Question 12

What are some examples of pandemics?

Answer 12

swine flu
SARS
Zika virus
HIV
Ebola

Question 13

What are symptoms of flu

Answer 13

fever
chills
sweats
sore throat
weakness
headache
muscle and joint pains
non productive dry cough

Question 14

What is the epidemiology of pneumonia?

Answer 14

commonly caused by bacterial infections but also viruses

• infection highest in developing nations
• in aust - 11th leading cause of death
• leading cause of death of children under 5 world wide

Question 15

Define pneumonia

Answer 15

inflammatory process of functional lung tissue that is commonly caused by infectious agents

Question 16

What are some differentail diagnosis for pneumonia?

Answer 16

Bronchitis
Chest infection
Pneumothorax
Pulmonary oedema

Question 17

What are the 2 main types of pneumonia?

Answer 17

• Community aquired pneumonia

- Aspirational pneumonia

Question 18

what are the predisposing factors of pneumonia?

Answer 18

• age (less than 4 and elderly)
• smoking
• immuno-suppression
• difficulty swallowing (stroke, dementia, parkinsonism etc)
• chronic lung disease
• other serious illnesses (heart/liver)
• recent cold, laryngitis or influenza
• frequent airway suctioning

Question 19

what is the pathophysiology of pneumonia?

Answer 19

• airborne pathogens released through coughing and sneezing
• on entering respiratory system first line of defence is coughing and mucociliary clearance
• second line of defence are macrophages in the alveoli. They only cope if virus is not virulent of bacteria is low
• next line is the immune system. inflammatory mediators and immune complexes damage bronchial mucous membranes and alveolo-capillary membranes. This causes terminal bronchi to fill with debris and pus
• the pus is a mixture of invading organisms, inflammatory cells, immunoglobulins and other immune mediators

Question 20

what od you hear when listening to a chets of pneumia?

Answer 20

coars crackles- on insp and exp. can be unilateral
increased density - increased vocal femitus
decreased resonance on percussion

Question 21

what are the FX of pneumonia on gas exchange?

Answer 21

Commonly hypoxix

• consolidated areas on lung behave like collapse forming a intrapulmonary shunt
• hypoxic vasoconstriction helps conmpensation
• get more severe hypoxia as initially vasoconstriction shunts blood, but then more inflammatory mediators move in, vasodilating, leading to increased hypoxia

Question 22

what are some complications that can arise from pneumonia

Answer 22

• pleural effusion
• lung abscesses
• sepsis
• resp failure
• acute respiratory distress syndrome
• empyema

Question 23

What are the clinical presentations of pneumonia?

Answer 23

• cough
• dyspnea
• sputum production
• SOB
• fever
• malaise
• lethargy
• chest pain
• back pain
• tachycardia
• decreased spo2

Question 24

what is whooping cough?

Answer 24

• an acute infectious disease
• bacterial infection - bordetella pertussis
• generally young children

Question 25

What is the incubation period of whooping cough?

Answer 25

7-10 days.

Question 26

What isthe definition of whooping cough (pertussis)

Answer 26

caused by bordetella pertussis bacterium.
an acute illness involving the resp tract.

Illness begins with irritating cough that becomes paroxysmal, lasts for 1-2 months or longer.

May be associated with post-tussive vomitting.

Paroxysms are characterised by repeated violent coughs followed by characteristic high pitched inspiratory whoop.

infants less than 6 months old, adolescents and adults often have fewer classical symptoms

Question 27

what are the 3 stages of whooping cough?

Answer 27

Catarrhal stage
1-2 weeks
sneezing, mild fever, occassional cough

Paroxysmal stage
1-6 weeks
cough trying to clear, thick sputum, whoop on insp
more often at night

Convalescent stage
2-3 weeks
paroxysms and chest infections for several months
comlicated by secondary neumonia

Question 28

What are symptoms of whooping cough

Answer 28

begins similar to cold
sever cough
characteristic whooping sound on inhalation
vomitting at end of coughing
apnoae
cyanoisis
poor appetitie/fatigue

Question 29

what are some complications of whooping cough

Answer 29

haemorrage
apnoea
pneumonia
inflammation of brain
convulsions
permanent brain damage
death

Question 30

What is pleurisy?

Answer 30

inflammation of the pleura

inflammation causes pleura to rub causing pain

made worse by deep breathing and coughing

can sometimes lead to fluid in the pleura, called pleural effusion

Question 31

what are the common causes of pleurisy

Answer 31

bacterial and viral infections

Question 32

what are some symptoms of pleurisy

Answer 32

prior infection of chest
pain in chest
pain in muscles
persistent cough
fever
general malaise
pain exacerbated by deep breathing

Question 33

what can cause pleural effusion?

Answer 33

overproduction of fluid by one membrane
or
the inability of membrane to drain fluid properly

Question 34

what are differential diagnosis of pleural effusion?

Answer 34

pneumothorax
haemothroac
ACS
pericarditis
CCF
pancreatitis
PE