Week 12 - revision Flashcards
define ventilation?
the movement of the air in and out of the lungs
define internal respiration?
transfer of o2 and co2 between the capillary red blood cells and the tissue
define external respiration?
transfer of o2 and co2 between the inspired air and the pulmonary capillaries
how are the mechanisms of breathing and boyels law related?
as volume increases, pressure decreases in the lungs = drawing air into lung
as volume decreases, pressure increases in the lungs = moving air out of lung
what is daltons law?
in a mixture of non-reacting gases, the total pressure exerted is equal to the sum of partial pressures of individual gases.
basically
total pressure = pressure 1 + pressure 2
how much of the atmospheres pressure is accounted for by O2?
21%
as it makes up 21% of the atmosphere
what happens at higher altitude with daltons law?
o2’s partial pressure decreases.
making it harder to enter blood stream as the partial pressures don’t facilitate diffusion
hypoxia occurs
what are the characteristics of acidosis?
condition of having a lower pH than normal
- Academia is caused by acidosis
- ph of blood is below 7.35- main types are metabolic and respiratory acidosis
what are the characteristics of alkalosis?
condition of having a higher pH than normal
- Alkalemia is caused by alkalosis
- ph of blood is above 7.45- main types are metabolic and respiratory alkalosis
what is the normal pH range?
7.35-7.45
what are s&s of respiratory acidosis?
IMPORTANT
- hypoventilation = hypoxia
- rapid shallow resps
- decreased BP with vasodilation
- Dyspnea
- headache
- hyperkalemia
- Dysrhthmias (increased k+)
- drowsiness, dizziness, disorientation
- muscle weakness, hyperreflexia
WHat are the causes of respiratory acidosis?
Airway obstuction:
- COPD exacerbation
- Bronchial asthma
Respiratory muscle weakness
CNS Depression:
- head trauma
- post ictal
- drug toxicity
what are s&s of respiratory alkalosis?
IMPORTANT
- seizures
- deep, rapid breathing
- hyperventilation
- tachycardia
- decreased or normal BP
- Hypokalemia
- numbness & tingling in extremities
- Lethargy & confusion
- Light headedness
- nausea, vomiting
WHat are the causes of respiratory alkalosis?
Pain, anxiety, panic attacks - pregnancy - high altitude - drug toxicity hyperventilation
What are the causes of metabolic acidosis?
DKA
Sever diarrhea
renal failure
shock
what are the causes of metabolic alkalosis?
severe vomiting
excessive GI suctioning
diuretics
excessive NaHCO3
WHat is the pathological mechanism behind resp acidosis?
alveolar hypoventilation
= co2 retention
WHat is the pathological mechanism behind resp alkalosis?
increases RR and or tidal volume= alveolar hyperventilation
= co2 washout
factors that increase co2 in respiration also increase what?
carbonic acid
what is the process of creating carbonic acid?
co2 levels increase and excess co2 reacts with water (via an enzyme Carbon Anhydrase) = forming carbonic acid
Carbonic acid then dissociates to form H+ ions and bicarbonate ions.
Increase in H+ causes pH to decrease
What occurs in regards to carbonic acid in resp alkalosis?
as co2 levels decrease, H+ ions react with bicarbonate to form carbonic acid.
The carbonic acid dissociates to form water + Co2, resulting in a decrease in H+ in the body, causing increase in pH
what can you do with a CPOD patient that deteriorates?
assisted ventilations
consult CPAP (MICA skill)
what are droplet precautions for infection control?
put mask on you and your patient
why does overoxygenation cause issues in COPD patients?
it impacts V/Q mismatch and also the Haldane effect
