Week 8

Question 1

What does gender refer to?

Answer 1

gender is, demonstrably, a learnt role: it is not fixed according to biology, insofar as its actual behaviour content varies from society to society

Question 2

how have feminist scholars played a major role in accentuating the visibleness of women as both perpetrators and victims of crime?

Answer 2

• inclusion of gender relations
• special needs of young women
• appropriate research methodology

Question 3

True or false

girls do not feature prominently in the crime statistics as compared to boys

Answer 3

true

Question 4

____ _____ argued:
‘ the majority of women who go to prison are sentenced not according to the seriousness of their crimes but primarily according to the courts assessment of them as wives, mothers and daughters” (1988)

Answer 4

Pat Carlen

Question 5

Early feminist studies have shown that:

Answer 5

• over policing of girls’ sexual behaviours
• girls non-sexual behaviours or offences were either overlooked or re-categorised as status offences relating to moral danger

Question 6

What are status offences?

Answer 6

• crimes that only juveniles can commit i.e. it would not be a crime if perpetrated by an adult

Question 7

factors that can affect the type and harshness of the sentence

Answer 7

• age
• race
• type of case
• offence type

Question 8

What is brought before the childrens court

Answer 8

• welfare complaint
• breach of a status offence
• as apposed to for a criminal offence

Question 9

True or false
Court sentences bases on welfare complaints usually tended to be harsher than punishes meted out because of criminal infractions

Answer 9

True

Question 10

In the 1980’s, Australian __ appeared before the Childrens Court not so much for welfare matters but rather criminal ones for various reasons
Later supplements by a focus on
“_____ and _______” these girls

Answer 10

girls

caring a protecting

Question 11

\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
'false universalism'
- where a narrow base of white middle class spokeswomen were deemed the be qualified to "speak about and on behalf of all \_\_\_\_\_., black or white, poor or rich. (1984)

Answer 11

Hester Eisentein

Women

Question 12

_____ _____ girls appear in the childrens court more so than girls from non-_____ _____ class families

Answer 12

working class

Question 13

/ of all girls arrested were Indigenous compared to Indigenous boys who made up only / of all apprehended young males

Answer 13

1/4

1/5

Question 14

In Western Australia (circa 2004/5), Indigenous girls represented ____% of all girls arrested, and Indigenous boys amounting to ___% of all young males apprehended

Answer 14

65. 5%

46. 7%

Question 15

Studies have shown that the general profile of female juvenile offenders are as follows:

Answer 15

• tend to be institutionalised for less serious crimes
• high proportion of them are indigenous
• many had been detained because they had been refused bail

Question 16

once institutionalised, there can be hostile environments dominated by:

Answer 16

• males
• male culture
• male authority figures

Question 17

Rule ___ of the Beijing Rules:

‘young female offenders placed in an institution deserve special attention as to their personal needs and problems……”

Answer 17

26.4

Question 18

According to professor Rob White, judicial officers from Australia expressed the following concerns in relation to the specific place and treatment of female youth offenders:

Answer 18

• from a patriarchal welfare-based type of intervention towards use of criminal proceedings
• an increase in the number and proportion of criminal chargers
• an increase in the number violent criminal charges