Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Why Go Multicellular > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cells in the Nervous System?

A
  • Neurons (Nerve cells)

- Glia (Glial Cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the major difference between glial cells and neurons?

A

Neurons are excitable cells, which means they are able to generate an transmit electrical signals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the glial cells

A

They do not conduct action potential but they support neurons. They can release neurotransmitters.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do glial cells support neurons?

A
  • Physically
  • Metabolically
  • Immunologically
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 4 body components of a neuron?

A
  • Cell Body
  • Dendrites
  • Axon
  • Axon terminals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the function of cell body of the neurons:

A

It contain nucleus and most organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the function of dendrites of the neurons:

A

They receive information from other neurons or cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the function of the axon in the neurons:

A

It conduct the action potential away from the cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What’s the main function of the axon hillock?

A

It’s where the action potential is generated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the main characteristics of the neuron?

A

It generate and transmit the action potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the three different types of neural networks:

A
  • Afferent Neurons
  • Efferent Neurons
  • Interneurons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe Afferent Neurons:

A

They carry information from sensory cells to the Central Nervous System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe Efferent Neurons:

A

They carry comands to physiological and behavioral effectors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe Interneurons:

A

They integrate and store informations and communicate between the afferent and efferent neurons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

A difference in electrical charges between the inside and the outside of the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Why is there a difference in electrical charge between the inside and the outside of the membrane?

A

Because there is:

  • A difference in the distribution of ions across the membrane
  • A difference in terms of permeability to those ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What’s action potential?

A

A rapid change in the membrane potential

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the three different types of changes of the membrane potential?

A
  • Depolarization
  • Repolarization
  • Hyperpolarization
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What’s Depolarization?

A

A decrease in the membrane potential, the membrane become less negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What’s Repolarization?

A

The membrane potentiale return to its resting state after depolarization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What’s Hyperpolarization?

A

An increase in the membrane potential, which become even more negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What’s the value of Em in human neurons?

A

-70 mV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the two main characteristics of Action Potential?

A
  • It’s one-or none

- It’s self regenerating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Describe the speed of conduction of the action potential in invertebrates:

A

The speed of conduction in invertebrates is directly proportional to the diameter of the fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Describe the speed of conduction of the action potential in vertebrates?

A

In vertebrates neural axons are sheated in myelin resulting in saltatory conduction and speed up whitout an increase of the fibre diameter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the two types of glial cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes (CNS)

- Schwann Cells (PNS)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the nodes of Ranvier?

A

Regularly spaced gaps in the myelin coat of the acons that speeds up the conduction of the action potential.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What’s a synapse?

A

It’s the region where neurons communicate with each others or with other cells and the axon terminals are in close proximity with the target cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the two types of synapses?

A
  • Chemical synapse

- Electrical synapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Describe chemical synapse:

A

Chemical synapse release a neurotransmitter that results in change of the postsynaptic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Describe electrical synapse:

A

In electrical synapse the Action Potential spread directly from the presynaptic cell to the postynaptic cells via gap junctions.

32
Q

Synapses can be of two differen kinds (based on the change they fire):

A
  • Excitatory

- Inhibitory

33
Q

Describe inhibitory synapses:

A

They cause the hyperpolarization of the posynaptic cell membrane

34
Q

Describe spatial summation:

A

The summation of simultaneous influences of synapses at different sites on the postsynaptic cells.

35
Q

Describe temporal summation:

A

The summation of postsynaptic membrane potential generated at the same site in a rapid sequence

36
Q

What’s a nerve?

A

It’s a boundle of axons that come from many different neurons

37
Q

What are ganglia?

A

High number of neurons organized into clusters

38
Q

What are the two components of the central nervous system?

A
  • The brain

- The spinal cord

39
Q

What’s Peripheral Nervous System?

A

Is the totality of neurons that reside outside the brain or the spinal cord

40
Q

Describe oligodendrocytes

A

They are the glial cells in the Central Nervous System and they wrap around the axons covering them with concentric layers of insulating plasma membrane.

41
Q

Where can we found the Schwann cells?

A

In the peripheral nervous system

42
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

They are glial cells that contribute to the blood-brain barrier protecting brain from toxic chemicals that ca be found in blood.

43
Q

The inside of the cells is ____ compared to the outside

A

Negative

44
Q

Describe sodium-potassium pumps:

A

They expels Na ions from inside the cell and bring K+ ions inside to keep their concentrations stable.

45
Q

How is the Potassium Equilibrium reached?

A

When we reach the balance between the tendency of K+ to flow out the plasma membrane and the attraction that negative charges inside the membrane have on K+ that pulls it back.

46
Q

What are the four different types of channels?

A
  • Leak channels
  • Voltage-Gated Channels
  • Chemically-Gated Channels
  • Mechanically-Gated Channels
47
Q

Describe Voltage-Gated Channels

A

They open or close in response to a change in the voltage across the plasma membrane

48
Q

Describe Chemically-Gated Channels

A

They opern or close depending on the presence or absence of a specific chemical molecule

49
Q

Describe Mechanically-Gated Channels:

A

They open or close in response to a mechanical force applied to the plasma membrane.

50
Q

What is a graded membrane potential?

A

Is a change from the resting potential that is then converted in the action potential at the axon hillock

51
Q

Why is the action potential considered all-or-none?

A

Because the interaction between the voltage-gated Na+ channels and the membrane potential cause it to always the maximum level

52
Q

Why is the action potential considered self-regenerating?

A

Because it spreads by local current flow to adjacent region of the plasma membrane resulting in continuos depolarization.

53
Q

Why is the action potential spreading only in one direction?

A

Because the voltage-gated Na+ channels are in refractory period.

54
Q

Why do action potential moves faster in myelinated axons?

A

Because it move through small jump in what is called saltatory conduction

55
Q

Where are ion channels along the axon concentrated?

A

In the nodes of Ranvier

56
Q

What is the main characteristic of myelin?

A

It reduces the leakage of ions so electric current can spread faster along the axon

57
Q

What are neuromuscolar junction?

A

Synapses between neurons and skeletal muscle cell

58
Q

What is acetylcoline?

A

Is the neurotransmitter used by all vertebrates

59
Q

What’s synaptic cleft?

A

It’s the space between the presynaptic and the postsynaptic cell

60
Q

What are the two types of receptor?

A

Ionotropic recepetors and Metabotropic receptors

61
Q

Describe ionotropic receptors:

A

They are themselves ion channels and cause a direct change in the ion movement

62
Q

Describe metabotropic receptors:

A

They are not ion channels but they induce signaling cascade in postsynaptic cell that change the ion distribution across the membrane. They affect the ion channels indirectly through G-proteins.

63
Q

Describe the nervous systems of he flatworms:

A

You have chepalization and most neurons are organized into clusters called ganglia which are in pairs and connected by transverse nerves.

64
Q

Describe the nervous systems of the earthworm:

A

Anterior ganglia are connected to a ventral nerve cord that expand in each segment to form ganglion.

65
Q

What are sensory receptors cells?

A

Cells that convert physical and chemical stimuli into neural action potential.

66
Q

What are the three types of ionotropic receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Electroreceptors
67
Q

Describe mechanoreceptors:

A

They respond to mechanical forces.

68
Q

Describe Thermoreceptors:

A

They are influenced by temperature

69
Q

Describe electroreceptors:

A

They’re opened by an electric charge

70
Q

What are the two types of Metabotropic receptors?

A
  • Chemoreceptors

- Photoreceptors

71
Q

Describe Chemorecepetors:

A

a molecule binds to a recepetor initiating a signal that controls the ion channels

72
Q

Describe photoreceptors:

A

Light alters a receptor protine initiating a signal cascade that controls the ion channels

73
Q

What’s a receptor potential?

A

It’s a change in the membrane potential of a sensory receptor cell.

74
Q

What are the two different ways by which a receptor may generate Action Potential?

A

It can do generate Action Potential directly in the receptor cell or trigger the release of neurotransmitters that indues a change in the postsynaptic cell Em.

75
Q

Why we perceive sense in different ways?

A

Because the Action Potential arrive at different points of our Central Nervous System and it’s therefore processed in different ways.

76
Q

How is the sensation intensity coded?

A

It’s coded depending on the frequency of Action Potentials.

77
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Some sensory cells gradually diminish response to a mantained or repeated stimulus.

Why Go Multicellular (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions