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Why Go Multicellular > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic organic compounds?

A

H, O, C, N

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2
Q

Which are the trace metals?

A

V, Cr, Mn, Co, Mo, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn

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3
Q

Which are the trace non-metals

A

Se, I, B, Si, F

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4
Q

Why Clay and Sulfides are very important for the evolution of life on Earth?

A
  • Because they are the source of many elements
  • Soil is mainly composed of iron silicates, of Mg and Al
  • Tey contain pockets and this is important for bringing in different chemicals together
  • They are from both chemical and physical equilibrium.
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5
Q

What are universal organic chemicals?

A

Organic chemicals that can form in absence of life (They are found also in Interstellar Ices) and they were presents in early earth.

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6
Q

Which elements did Urey and Miller put together?

A

Ammonia (NH3), mETHANE (ch4), Water and Hydrogen.

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7
Q

Describe the Urey-Miller experiment:

A

They elaborated a flask apparatus, zapped electricity in it to stimulate the formation of molecules and in it they synthetized 22 amino-acids and hydrocarbons.

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8
Q

What molecules were synthetized in the Urey-Miller experiment?

A
  • All fives bases presents in both DNA and RNA
  • 17 of the amino-acids used in protein synthesis
  • 3- and 6- carbon sugars (But not the 5-)
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9
Q

Elencate the properties of water:

A
  • Excellent inorganic solvent
  • Temperature buffer
  • Metabolite in many reactions
  • It’s an environment where organism can leave
  • It’s a very small molecule
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10
Q

What is a metabolite?

A

Is a chemical involvev in metabolism

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11
Q

Elencate the chemical structure of a molecule of water?

A

Water is polar and it’s bent (it has an angles of 104.3°) and this form a dipole.

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12
Q

Why water is polar?

A

Because electron are shared unequally and electronegativity is different from H to O.

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13
Q

What are hydrophilic substances?

A

Ionic and polar substances that dissolves in water due to their polarity.

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14
Q

What are hydrogen bonds?

A

A covalent bond between hydrogen in water and a more electronegative atom creates a polaryzed bond.

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15
Q

Is hydrogen bond weak?

A

Individually it’s weak but collectively it’s strong.

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16
Q

What are the properties of hydrogen bonds?

A
  • Hydrogen atoms are shared between to electronegatives atoms
  • Bonds tend to be linear
17
Q

What are hydrophobic substances?

A

Non polar substances are insoluble in water, but water molecules are attracted by each other so hydrophobic compounds are excluded by water.

18
Q

Why is important for hydrocarbons to be non-polar?

A

Becauste they are non polar which means they’re hydrophobic and so water tend to isolate them and put them together and interact.

19
Q

What happens to a non-polar solid in water?

A

It doesn’t dissolve (hydrophobic effect)

20
Q

What happens to a non-polar liquid in water?

A

It forms two layer (oil-water) (hydrophobic effect)

21
Q

What are the 3 abilities of life?

A

Ability to acquire energy, Ability to use that energy to grow and replicate and the ability to evolve.

22
Q

When did life appeared on our planet?

A

3.9 Ga

23
Q

Why was mitocondria invented?

A

Because oxygen was toxic for life at first since it strip electronf from carbon based substances and all those molecules life used to produce energy.

24
Q

In which environment could the chemical evolution have occured?

A
  • In water droplets on the surface of clay
  • In hydrothermal vents
  • In hot pools at the edge of the ocean
25
Q

Why Carbon is so important for life?

A

Because it’s a stable molecule in its outer shell that allows it to make 4 bonds in 4 different directions creating tetrahedral structures.

26
Q

What were the things you need to create life?

A

Water, Nitrogen, Carbon, Fosforus but also energy

27
Q

Which kind of energy helped the creation of life?

A

Geothermical energy

28
Q

What could have enhanced prebiotic metabolism?

A

Localised concentration of chemical reactants

29
Q

Why can RNA replicates itself in some conditions?

A

It’s autocatalytic

30
Q

What are the conditions that led to the presence of life on Earth?

A

Earth cooled down so water became liquid and oceans formed. Chemicals from the crust dissolved in water and this led to the formation of simple molecules

31
Q

Why scientist think that life could have originated on the surface of clay?

A

Because clays contains silicates that may have catalyzed condensation reactions

32
Q

Why scientist think that life could have originated on hydrothermal vents?

A

Because Fe-Ni may have catalyzed the polymerization of amino-acids in absence of Oxygen.

33
Q

Why scientist think that life could have originated in hot pools at the edge of the ocean (primordial soup theory)?

A

Because evaporation may have concentrated monomers favoriting polymerization

34
Q

What’s a key point of the appearence of life on Earth and why?

A

The appearence of a catalyst to speed up biochemical conversion

35
Q

What are rybozimes?

A

Catalytic RNAs

36
Q

What were the two roles of RNA at the beginning?

A
  • Informational

- Catalytic

37
Q

Discuss the 5 point of RNA World Theory

A
  • Ribose, bases and phospate formed RNA
  • Some RNA gain the ability to self-replicate
  • RNA started making catalytic proteins
  • The presence of catalytics proteins increase the efficiency of RNA replication and this led to the formation of double stranded RNA
  • Double Stranded RNA evolved in DNA which became the primary information storage molecule
38
Q

Discuss the property of a protocell

A
  • Act as an organized system of parts
  • Interior is disntict form the exterior environment
  • Capable of self-replication

Why Go Multicellular (9 decks)

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