Week 8 Flashcards
according to Spearman and others, _______ __________ underlies specific menial abilities & is measured by every task on an intelligence test.
general intelligence
this is used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person’s total score
factor analysis
FACTOR ANALYSIS is a statistical procedure that identifies what?
identities of clusters of related items (factors) on a test
savant syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill (ex: drawing, computation)
_______ _______ views intelligence as multiple abilities that come in different packages.
Howard Gardner
_______ ______ proposes a theory of three intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical
Robert Sternberg
what is analytical intelligence?
assessed by intelligence tests which present well-defined problems as having a single right answer. (academic problem solving)
what is creative intelligence?
intelligence demonstrated in reacting adaptively to novel situations and generating novel ideas
what is practical intelligence?
intelligence required for everyday tasks
emotional intelligence
the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions
what are the four emotional intelligence components?
- perceiving
- understanding
- managing
- using
to recognize emotions in faces, music, and stories
perceiving
to predict emotions and how they change and blend
understanding
to know how to express emotions in varied situations
managing
______ emotions enables adaptive or creative thinking
using
what is language?
our spoken, written, or gestured work; the way we communicate meaning to ourselves and others.
linguistic determinism:
language determines the way we think. *if you don’t have the words for it, you don’t have the thoughts of it.
how do animals use language?
learn from each other by imitation and use gestures
an impairment in language caused by damage to the brain:
aphasia
difference between lesion and aphasia:
lesion is damage to the brain
aphasia is the damage that results
what characterizes BROCA’s aphasia?
- left frontal lobe damage
- impaired speech production
- slow, struggling, non-fluent speech
- key words only
what characterizes WERNICKE’s aphasia?
- impaired language comprehension
- fluent Speech
- speech has no informative purpose
someone who produces language well but doesn’t comprehend others’ or his own is experiencing:
Wernicke’s aphasia
someone who can comprehend language but cannot produce it is experiencing:
Broca’s aphasia
describe how aphasia differs for children:
recovery is faster (and can even be complete). *the earlier the injury, the better the chances of recovery
does plasticity increase or decrease with age?
decrease
the ability of parts of the brain to take over functions they ordinarily would not serve is:
plasticity
phoneme:
the smallest distinctive sound unit in a language (b~a~t, ch~a~t)
morpheme:
the smallest unit that carries meaning may be a word or a part of a word (milk, pre~test, play~ed)
“bababa” is an example of ________ babbling.
reduplicated
“dabawaba” is an example of ________ babbling.
non-reduplicated
grammar:
a system of rules in a language to communicate with and understand others
semantics:
the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language (adding “-ed” to “laugh” means it happened in the past).
syntax:
the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language (adjective-noun relationship: black cat, gato negro)
the babbling stage begins at _________, in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds.
4 months
why are babies known as universal linguists?
babies are better than adults in distinguishing phonemic contrasts that are not made in their own language
one-word stage:
beginning at or around his first birthday, a child starts to speak one word at a time so that family understands. (ex: doggy = look at the dog)
two-word stage:
before the 2nd year, a child starts to speak in two-word sentences (ex: go car = I want to go for a ride in the car)
two-word sentences speech is called ___________ because the child speaks like a telegram
telegraphic speech
after telegraphic speech, children begin uttering longer phrases (ex: mommy get ball) with syntactical sense, and by early elementary school they are employing humor. this stage is:
longer phrases
receptive vocab:
words that infants UNDERSTAND
expressive vocab:
words that infants can SAY or SIGN
Chomsky believed that:
language is innate, contains universal grammar, and is domain-general
What did Chomsky mean by “universal grammar”?
inborn knowledge of the general form of language
the nurture argument of language is:
language is LEARNED; it is a result of innate capacities PLUS environment
what is the critical period for language theory?
from birth - puberty, if you hear language, you’ll learn it. once that window closes, you won’t learn anymore. (ex: Victor and Genie)
People with _____ ______ excel in abilities unrelated to general intelligence
savant syndrome
who introduced the IQ (intelligence quotient?)
William Stern
what are the five aspects of intelligence and creativity?
- fluency: number of relevant responses
- originality: statistical infrequency of responses
- elaboration: use of imagination and detail
- abstractness: use of abstract ideas (humor, irony)
- resistance to premature closure: resists coming to conclusions too quickly
For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria
- Standardization
- Reliability
- Validity
Standardizing a test involves:
administering the test to a representative sample of future test takers in order to establish a basis for meaningful comparison
Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern called:
the normal curve
what is a stereotype threat?
a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
A test is reliable when:
it yields consistent results
To establish reliability researchers establish different procedures:
Split-half Reliability & Test-retest Reliability
Dividing the test into two equal halves and assessing how consistent the scores are is what type of reliability?
split-half
Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency is what type of reliability?
test-retest
Validity of a test refers to:
what the test is supposed to measure or predict
what is content validity?
Refers to the extent a test measures a particular behavior or trait
what is predictive validity?
Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular behavior or trait.
What is the Flynn Effect?
In the past 60 years, intelligence scores have risen steadily by an average of 27 points
