Week 6 Flashcards
how do we develop implicit memories?
repetitive actions, associative learning, observational learning
what is conditioning?
the process of learning associations
what does context refer to?
the environment that learning occurs in
what are the two types of conditioning?
classical and operant
in _____________, we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.
classical conditioning
in ____________, we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. *we learn to repeat acts followed by good results & avoid acts followed by bad results
operant conditioning
what are the phases of conditioning?
acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery
what is acquisition?
learning the association between the two things paired
what is extinction?
the diminishing of a conditioned response
_____________ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
spontaneous recovery
what is a neutral stimulus? NS
a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (tone)
what is an unconditioned response? UR
an unlearned, naturally occurring response (salivation) to an (US) unconditioned stimulus
what is an unconditioned stimulus? US
a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response (food in the mouth)
what is a conditioned response? CR
a learned response to a previously neutral (but not conditioned) stimulus (salivating to tone)
what is a conditioned stimulus? CS
an originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an US comes to trigger a CR (tone)
generalization
the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
discrimination
the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli
if a stimulus increases behavior, it’s a __________
reinforcement
if a stimulus decreases behavior, it’s a _________
punishment
positive reinforcement
increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus
negative reinforcement
increases behavior by stopping or removing a negative stimulus
reinforcing behavior after a set number of responses (ex. free drink after you buy 10)
fixed-ratio schedule
providing reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses
variable-ratio schedules
reinforcing the first response after a fixed time period
fixed-interval schedules
reinforcing the first response after varying time intervals
variable-interval schedules
what type of reinforcement is fastest for learning?
continuous reinforcement
Bandura’s social learning theory:
we just copy others
“Buy 10 coffees, get 1 free” is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
fixed-ratio
Playing a slot machine is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
variable-ratio
Tuesday discount prices (every so often) are an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
fixed-interval
constantly rechecking for an email is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
variable-interval
What were Skinner’s beliefs?
external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behavior; therefore we should use rewards to evoke desirable behavior
observational learning
learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning
