Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

how do we develop implicit memories?

A

repetitive actions, associative learning, observational learning

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2
Q

what is conditioning?

A

the process of learning associations

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3
Q

what does context refer to?

A

the environment that learning occurs in

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4
Q

what are the two types of conditioning?

A

classical and operant

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5
Q

in _____________, we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.

A

classical conditioning

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6
Q

in ____________, we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. *we learn to repeat acts followed by good results & avoid acts followed by bad results

A

operant conditioning

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7
Q

what are the phases of conditioning?

A

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery

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8
Q

what is acquisition?

A

learning the association between the two things paired

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9
Q

what is extinction?

A

the diminishing of a conditioned response

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10
Q

_____________ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

A

spontaneous recovery

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11
Q

what is a neutral stimulus? NS

A

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (tone)

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12
Q

what is an unconditioned response? UR

A

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (salivation) to an (US) unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

what is an unconditioned stimulus? US

A

a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response (food in the mouth)

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14
Q

what is a conditioned response? CR

A

a learned response to a previously neutral (but not conditioned) stimulus (salivating to tone)

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15
Q

what is a conditioned stimulus? CS

A

an originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an US comes to trigger a CR (tone)

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16
Q

generalization

A

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

17
Q

discrimination

A

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

18
Q

if a stimulus increases behavior, it’s a __________

A

reinforcement

19
Q

if a stimulus decreases behavior, it’s a _________

A

punishment

20
Q

positive reinforcement

A

increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus

21
Q

negative reinforcement

A

increases behavior by stopping or removing a negative stimulus

22
Q

reinforcing behavior after a set number of responses (ex. free drink after you buy 10)

A

fixed-ratio schedule

23
Q

providing reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses

A

variable-ratio schedules

24
Q

reinforcing the first response after a fixed time period

A

fixed-interval schedules

25
reinforcing the first response after varying time intervals
variable-interval schedules
26
what type of reinforcement is fastest for learning?
continuous reinforcement
27
Bandura's social learning theory:
we just copy others
28
"Buy 10 coffees, get 1 free" is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
fixed-ratio
29
Playing a slot machine is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
variable-ratio
30
Tuesday discount prices (every so often) are an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
fixed-interval
31
constantly rechecking for an email is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?
variable-interval
32
What were Skinner's beliefs?
external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behavior; therefore we should use rewards to evoke desirable behavior
33
observational learning
learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others
34
learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
latent learning