Week 6

Question 1

how do we develop implicit memories?

Answer 1

repetitive actions, associative learning, observational learning

Question 2

what is conditioning?

Answer 2

the process of learning associations

Question 3

what does context refer to?

Answer 3

the environment that learning occurs in

Question 4

what are the two types of conditioning?

Answer 4

classical and operant

Question 5

in _____________, we learn to associate two stimuli and thus to anticipate events.

Answer 5

classical conditioning

Question 6

in ____________, we learn to associate a response (our behavior) and its consequence. *we learn to repeat acts followed by good results & avoid acts followed by bad results

Answer 6

operant conditioning

Question 7

what are the phases of conditioning?

Answer 7

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery

Question 8

what is acquisition?

Answer 8

learning the association between the two things paired

Question 9

what is extinction?

Answer 9

the diminishing of a conditioned response

Question 10

_____________ is the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

Answer 10

spontaneous recovery

Question 11

what is a neutral stimulus? NS

Answer 11

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (tone)

Question 12

what is an unconditioned response? UR

Answer 12

an unlearned, naturally occurring response (salivation) to an (US) unconditioned stimulus

Question 13

what is an unconditioned stimulus? US

Answer 13

a stimulus that unconditionally–naturally and automatically–triggers a response (food in the mouth)

Question 14

what is a conditioned response? CR

Answer 14

a learned response to a previously neutral (but not conditioned) stimulus (salivating to tone)

Question 15

what is a conditioned stimulus? CS

Answer 15

an originally irrelevant stimulus, that after association with an US comes to trigger a CR (tone)

Question 16

generalization

Answer 16

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Question 17

discrimination

Answer 17

the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other irrelevant stimuli

Question 18

if a stimulus increases behavior, it’s a __________

Answer 18

reinforcement

Question 19

if a stimulus decreases behavior, it’s a _________

Answer 19

punishment

Question 20

positive reinforcement

Answer 20

increases behavior by adding a desirable stimulus

Question 21

negative reinforcement

Answer 21

increases behavior by stopping or removing a negative stimulus

Question 22

reinforcing behavior after a set number of responses (ex. free drink after you buy 10)

Answer 22

fixed-ratio schedule

Question 23

providing reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses

Answer 23

variable-ratio schedules

Question 24

reinforcing the first response after a fixed time period

Answer 24

fixed-interval schedules

Question 25

reinforcing the first response after varying time intervals

Answer 25

variable-interval schedules

Question 26

what type of reinforcement is fastest for learning?

Answer 26

continuous reinforcement

Question 27

Bandura’s social learning theory:

Answer 27

we just copy others

Question 28

“Buy 10 coffees, get 1 free” is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?

Answer 28

fixed-ratio

Question 29

Playing a slot machine is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?

Answer 29

variable-ratio

Question 30

Tuesday discount prices (every so often) are an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?

Answer 30

fixed-interval

Question 31

constantly rechecking for an email is an example of what type of scheduled reinforcement?

Answer 31

variable-interval

Question 32

What were Skinner’s beliefs?

Answer 32

external influences (not internal thoughts and feelings) shape behavior; therefore we should use rewards to evoke desirable behavior

Question 33

observational learning

Answer 33

learning without direct experience by watching and imitating others

Question 34

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Answer 34

latent learning