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LEC 142 - Zoology > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the classes that are in the subphylum Hexapoda but not order insecta

A

Class Protura (cone heads)
Class collembola (Springtails and Furcula)
Class Diplura (Two-pronged bristletails)

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2
Q

Why are Class Protura, Collembola, Diplura not in the order insecta in the subphylum Hexapoda?

A

Small (usually need a microscope), 3 pair legs and wingless, no visible mouthparts, ametabolous

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3
Q

Characteristics of subphylum Hexapoda class Insecta?

(true insects)

A

3 pair of legs,
Adults with wings (From common ancestor),
Mouthparts visible,
Complex life cycle (mostly incomplete or complete metamorphosis),
Sophisticated behaviours

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4
Q

Why is metamorphosis beneficial?

A

In trying to separate adult state to larvae state, enables different food sources, limiting competition of resources between adult and young.

And increases evolutionary survival between species and within them, encouraging population growth

Enables success of advantageous characteristics

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5
Q

Example of Hemimetabolous insect orders in class insecta?

A

Odonata (Damselflies, dragonflies),

Ephemeroptera (Mayflies),

Plecoptera (Stoneflies),

Dermapetra (Earwigs),

Orthoptera (grasshoppers, crickets)

Phasmatodea (stick and leaf insects)

Mantodea (Mantises)

Blattodea (Cockroach)

Hemiptera (Treehoppers, cicada, aphids, true bugs)

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6
Q

Characteristics of Hemimetabolous insects, order Odonata, Ephemeroptera and Plecopetra?

(Subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta)

A

Adults with membranous wings​

Aquatic nymphs​

Chewing mouths​

Adults and juveniles occupy same habitat ​

Good indicators of water quality​

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7
Q

Characteristics of Hemimetabolous insects, order dermapetra?

A

First pair of wings short and hard, second pair membranous and hidden under the first pair) ​

Sclerotised pincer-like appendages at the end of the abdomen (cerci)​

Most species are omnivorous (adults & juveniles with chewing mouth)​

Females and males differ in the shape of the cerci.

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8
Q

Characteristics of Hemimetabolous insects, order orthoptera?

A

All have enlarged back legs for jumping​

Differences:​
- crickets (less develop back legs)​
- grasshoppers (antenna shorter than the body)​
- bush crickets (antenna longer than the body)​

Majority of species are herbivorous (adults & juveniles with chewing mouth)​

Females with ovipositor​

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9
Q

Characteristics of Hemimetabolous insects, order phasmatodea, mantodea, blattodea?

A

Adults first pair of wings leathery​

Terrestrial nymphs​ (juvenile stage of exopterygote insects)

Adults and juveniles have chewing mouths and feed on similar food ​

The 3 orders differ in their habits:​
mantises (carnivorous)​
stick insects (herbivorous) ​
cockroaches (omnivores)​

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10
Q

What is terrestrial nymphs?

A

juvenile stage of exopterygote insects

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11
Q

Characteristics of Hemimetabolous insects, order Hemiptera?

A

All with piercing-sucking mouth​

Wing differences:​
- planthoppers (membranous coloured)​
- cicada (membranous)​
- aphids (membranous or not wings)​
- true bugs (hemelytra)​

Most species are herbivorous feeding on plant fluids

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12
Q

What are the different metamorphosis of Hexapoda Insecta?

A

Ametabolous,
Hemimetabolous,
Holometablous

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13
Q

Characteristics of Holometabolous insects, order Coleoptera?

A

(beetles)

The most diverse of all orders (400,000 species)​

First pair of wings hard (elytra)​

Many diverse life-styles (carnivorous, herbivorous, decomposers, scavengers)​

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14
Q

Example of Holometabolous insect orders in class insecta?

A

Coleoptera (beetles)

Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths)

Diptera (true flies, mosquitos)

Hymenoptera (Bees, wasps, ants)

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15
Q

Characteristics of Holometabolous insects, order Lepidoptera?

A

Wings with small scales​

Adults are nectar feeders, caterpillars are herbivorous​

Important pollinators​

56 butterfly & 2500 moths species in Britain​

moth vs butterfly, distinguished based on moth having frenulum​. Wings of butterfly can flap independently, but moth wings cannot.

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16
Q

Characteristics of Holometabolous insects, order Diptera?

A

Only 1 pair of wings, second pair halters​

Many different life styles (carnivorous, parasitoids herbivorous, pollinators)​

Larvae normally with different niches to adults​

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17
Q

Characteristics of Holometabolous insects, order Hymenoptera?

A

2 pair of membranous wings (in ants most adults are wingless)​

Many different life styles (pollinators, parasitoids, carnivorous, omnivorous) ​

Usually live in colonies and have queens

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18
Q

How diverse is Hexapoda?

A

33 orders and around 1M species of insects

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19
Q

How can we separate butterfly and moths?

A

distinguished based on that only moth having frenulum​.
Therefore, Wings of butterfly can flap independently, but moth wings cannot.

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20
Q

How can we separate the 33 orders of hexapoda?

A

the development (ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous), which reflect evolutionary history and ​

characters based on the number and type of wings and mouthpart.​

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21
Q

What are the main 3 orders of Hexapoda?

A

Ametabolous (eg Diplura)

Hemimetabolous (eg Odonata)

Homometabolous (eg Lepidoptera)

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22
Q

Parasitoid vs Parasite?

A

Parasite infects a host, can cause illness, but the host can survive

Parasitoids (act as predators) lay eggs inside the host, eggs hatch and larvae eat the host’s inside and organs. The host will die.

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

What Kingdom, Phylum and Sub-phylum are Vertebrate?

A

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Sub-phylum: Vertebrate

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25
Q

What is the phylum chordates?

A

An animal that at least at some stage in the life cycle, one of these four features: Dorsal (hollow, nerve cord), Notochord, pharyngeal slits, postnatal tail

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25
Q

What is a notochord?

A

stiff cartilaginous rod that extends along inside of body​

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26
Q

What is Dorsal, hollow nerve cord?

A

main trunk of central nervous system​

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27
Q

What is Pharyngeal slits?

A

pharynx part of throat, slits may be modified into gills​

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28
Q

What is postanal tail?

A

Muscular tail extending beyond anus

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29
Q

What are the 4 chordate features?

A

Notochord, Dorsal hollow nerve cord, Pharyngeal slits, Postanal tail

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30
Q

Name features of non-vertebrate chordates (Tunicates)

A

Tunicates (subphylum Urochordata)​

c.3000 spp. incl ‘sea squirts’, ‘sea tulips’​

most adults sessile (immotile) & lack many chordate features​

have gill slits for filter feeding & respiration​

tadpole-like free-swimming larvae more typical​

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31
Q

What make up non-vertebrate chordates?

A

Small (mostly <10cm) marine animals ​

Eg Tunicates, Lancelets

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32
Q

Name features of non-vertebrate chordates (Lancelets)

A

(subphylum Cephalochordata)​

c.30 spp. incl amphioxus​

larval form has chordate features, with adults retaining pharyngeal slits (not gills) for filter feeding​

adults fish-like, retaining the free-swimming of larvae​

but often inactive, mostly burrowing & sedentary​

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33
Q

What are Vertebrate defining features?

A

Vertebral column, cranium, spinal cord, neural crest

(Also large 3-part brains, complex organs, etc)

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34
Q

What is a vertebral column (vertebrate defining features)?

A

Notochord modified into series of cartilaginous or bony vertebrae separated by mobile joints (discs) = ‘spine’

(Jawless fish lack a true spine)

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35
Q

What is the cranium (vertebrate defining features)?

A

Cartilaginous or bony brain case

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36
Q

What is spinal cord (vertebrate defining features)?

A

Modified dorsal nerve cord

37
Q

What is neural crest (vertebrate defining features)?

A

group of mobile embryonic cells that give rise to diverse cell types

38
Q

What are the evolutionary origins of vertebrates?

A

Most animal Phyla, incl Chordata, appeared during Cambrian 540-480 mya (‘the Cambrian explosion’)​

Few non-vertebrate fossils (no bones!)​

39
Q

What is one of the first known vertebrates?

A

Myllokunmingia

A jawless fish, about 520 million years ago

40
Q

How many species of vertebrate?

A

> 65,000 species described

41
Q

What are the 7 major extant groups (formerly classes) of vertebrate?

A

Jawless fish (Agnatha) c.110 spp.​

Cartilaginous fish (Chondrichthyes) c.1100 spp.​

Bony fish (Osteichthyes) c.30,000 spp.​

Amphibians (Amphibia) c.7300 spp.​

Reptiles (Reptilia) c.10,000 spp.​

Birds (Aves) c.10,600 spp.​

Mammals (Mammalia) c.6500 spp.​

42
Q

Percentage of relative diversity of major groups of vertebrates?

A

Bony fish 47%
Reptiles 15%
Birds 16%
Amphibians 11%
Mammals 9%
Cartilaginous fish 2%
Jawless fish <1%

43
Q

Defining features of Agnatha (jawless fish)?

A

Lack, er, jaws & paired fins​

Elongate, scaleless & slimy​

44
Q

Features of Agnatha Myxini (Hagfish)?

A

no vertebral column​

considered non-vertebrates by some​

marine scavengers of ocean floor​

45
Q

Features of Agnatha Hyperoartia (Lampreys)?

A

rudimentary vertebrae only​

many migratory, oceans to rivers​

many parasitise other fish​

46
Q

Key features of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)?

A

Cartilaginous skeletons & paired fins, claspers in males (internal fertilisation)​

47
Q

What are the two main groups of Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)?

A

Sharks, skates & rays [Elasmobranchii]​
- multiple gill openings​
- mostly marine filter feeders​

Chimaeras [Holocephali]​
- single gill opening​
- eat invertebrates near ocean floor​

48
Q

Features of Osteichthyes (bony fish)?

A

Bony skeletons & paired fins, swim bladders​

49
Q

What are the two main types of Osteichthyes?

A

Ray-finned [Actinopterygii]​

Lobe-finned [Sarcopterygii]​

50
Q

Features of Ray-finned fish (Actinopterygii)

A
  • fins are webs supported by spines​
  • > 90% of all fish, mostly teleosts​
  • incredibly diverse in every way!​
51
Q

Features of Lobe-finned fish (Sarcopeterygii)?

A
  • fleshy, lobed fins attached by 1 bone​
  • lungfish & coelacanths​
  • ancestral to tetrapods​
52
Q

Defining features of Amphibians (Amphibia)?

A

Tetrapods with moist, scaleless skin: gas exchange​

Many with aquatic larvae (gills) & terrestrial adults (lungs): metamorphosis​

As adults, all are carnivorous

53
Q

Examples of Class’s within Amphibians (Amphibia)?

A

Frogs & toads [Anura]​

Salamanders [Urodela]

Caecilians [Apoda]

54
Q

Features of Frogs and toads (Anura) Amphibians

A

short body, big head & large hind legs for jumping​

most diverse group by far

eg frogs and toads

55
Q

Features of Salamanders (Urodela) Amphibians

A

elongate body (‘lizard-like’)​

mostly terrestrial as adults

56
Q

Features of Caecilians (Apoda) Amphibians

A

legless, eyes covered or tiny​

burrowing or aquatic, poorly known​

57
Q

Features of Reptiles (Reptilia)?

A

Tetrapods with scaly skin​

The first amniotes: no aquatic stage​ (Lay amniotic eggs, meaning no longer need to be in water)

1 group (Sauropsids) gave rise to birds​

1 group (Synapsids) gave rise to mammals​

58
Q

Features of Turtles, Lizards/snakes, crocodilians (Reptilia)?

A

Turtles [Testudines]​
- bony or cartilaginous shell (developed from ribs)​
- terrestrial tortoises, aquatic turtles​

Lizards & snakes [Squamata]​
- horny scaled skin, movable quadrates​
- most diverse group by far​

Crocodilians [Crocodilia]​
- large & lizard-like, flattened snouts with ears, eyes & nostrils on top​
- aquatic lifestyle​

59
Q

What % of vertebrates are currently on the IUCN red list?

A

More than 1/5 of all are threatened.

32% cartilaginous fish​
13% bony fish​
41% amphibians​
21% reptiles​
12% birds​
27% mammals​

60
Q

Where have birds evolved from?

A

Dinosaurs

61
Q

What is the birds current closest relative (alive)?

A

Crocodiles

62
Q

What is the fossil link between birds and dinosaurs?

A

Archaeopteryx

They have reptilian forelimb claws, teeth and a bones tail.
They also have bird-like feathers and wings

63
Q

Kingdom, Phylum and Class of birds?

A

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Aves

(27 orders, approx 10,000 living species)

64
Q

Example of a species discovered in 2003

A

Carrizal Seedeater, discovered in Venezuela

65
Q

Example of a bird discovered in 2013

A

Tupana Scythebill

Bamboo Antwren

Both discovered in Amzaonian Brazil

66
Q

Sometimes species are known, but are put together with other species, with further examination they are found to be a different species. Give an example?

A

Himalayan Forest Thrush

First identified in 2016 using DNA and song differences; before that it was grouped within a similar species.

67
Q

What are key features of all birds are considered when grouping/identifying?

A

Beas/bills
Plumage colour
Behaviour
Side and shape

68
Q

How have flightless birds evolved?

A

From flying ancestors,
Enabled by reduced predation risk

69
Q

Give examples of flightless birds?

A

Order Struthioniformes​ (Ostrich - largest living bird)

Order Apterygiformes (Kiwi - nocturnal, good sense of smell)

Order Sphenisciformes​ (Penguins - Antarctic, fish eaters)

70
Q

Characteristics of water birds?

A
  • Webbed or lobed feet​
  • Dense plumage​
  • Usually waterproof​
  • Must breed on land​
  • May be marine, freshwater, or edge users
71
Q

Examples of water birds?

A

Order Gaviformes, (Black-throated Diver​)

Order Suliformes​
(Blue-footed booby​)

Order Podicipediformes​
(Little Grebe​)

72
Q

Give characteristics, and examples of the Class Aves Order Procellariiformes?

A

Eg: Albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters

All are pelagic (seabirds),
Long lived (30-40+yrs)
Gland in nose gets rid of excess salt

73
Q

Give examples of freshwater birds?

A

Order Gruiformes (cranes, moorhens and rails​
eg Purple Gallinule)

Order Anseriformes (swans, geese and ducks​ eg Mandarin duck)

Many species occur in both sea and freshwater ​

74
Q

What are the three orders of birds of prey?

A

Order: Falconiformes, includes falcons​

Order: Accipitriformes, includes eagles, kites, osprey, vultures​

Order: Strigiformes includes owls

75
Q

Characteristics of birds of prey?

A

Talons and hook beaks for killing and tearing flesh​

Forward facing eyes – binocular vision​

Typically hunt other birds, mammals, but other groups too

76
Q

Give example of wading birds, what order and class are they?

A

Order Charadriiformes, sub-order Charadrii, includes curlews, sandpipers, plovers, godwits, stints

77
Q

What are features of wading birds?

A

Long legs and a probing bill – mud and wet areas​

Feeding on worms, molluscs, and other invertebrates

Adaptive radiation in bill shape – species exploit different niches. Eg some a short, long, curved - varies depends on what they’re exploiting

78
Q

What is the order of song birds?

A

Passeriformes

79
Q

What is the largest order of bird?

A

Order Passeriformes
Song birds (Perching birds)

5200 species, they’re largely diverse.

Includes: thrushes, warblers, tits, sparrows, finches, crows and others!

80
Q

Song function of birds?

A
  • Song: communication signal to attract female and territorial defence.
81
Q

Plumage colour function of birds?

A

can provide camouflage and sexual signals (usually feathers, but maybe also bill)

82
Q

Breeding characteristics of birds?

A

Lay eggs in nests, Bi-parental care is normal.

  • Lay eggs,
  • Incubation,
  • Chicks fed by parents
83
Q

Chick development of birds - Precocial?

A

On hatching, some species are precocial, others altricial

Precocial - Downy, can thermoregulate and feed themselves on hatching

84
Q

Chick development of birds - Altricial

A

On hatching, some species are precocial, others altricial

Altricial - Naked and blind, cannot thermoregulate nor feed themselves

85
Q

Social behaviour of birds?

A

Many species form social flocks, for safety or in safe places.

  • Breeding in colonies
  • Roosting in groups
  • Foraging in groups
86
Q

How can we track bird migration?

A

Some species make seasonal migrations, usually north to south.

Ringing and other methods help track these movements. Eg GPS tag, Numbered metal ring

87
Q

What defines an animal as a bird?

A

Feathers as beaks and flight are not restricted to birds

88
Q

Example of where a bird has been tracked during migration?

A

GPS data for Bar-tailed Godwit migration​

  • New Zealand to Alaska in one go​
  • Fuel up with fat before leaving​
  • 11, 000 km in 6-7 days​
89
Q

Link of bird and man?

A

Birds are important as food, sport, in art, for pleasure, as bioindicators, bearers of disease, etc.

LEC 142 - Zoology (3 decks)

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