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LEC 142 - Zoology > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Nematoda (Phylum)

“Nemato = threadlike”

A

Roundworms (25,000 species recognised – but may be 1 million)​

Two types: free living, parasites

Sexually reproduce with separate sexes

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2
Q

Characteristics of the Phylum Nematoda?

A

Bilateral symmetry, cylindrical body with tapering ends, pseudocoelomates - there is a distinct head end​

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3
Q

Body plan of the Phylum Nematoda?

A
  • Psedocoelomates, internal cavity but internal organs not surrounded by mesoderm
  • Tubular – mouth at blunt end starts the complete gut
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4
Q

What are the two types of body plan for Phylum Nematoda?

A

Psedocoelomates

Tubular

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5
Q

What does the multi-layered cuticle help with?
(Phylum Nemotoda body plan)

A

helps maintain high pressure inside a hydrostatic skeleton

(Muscles not antagonistic – they twitch side-to-side and hydrostatic skeleton pulls them into shape​)

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6
Q

What are the two types of lifestyle Phylum Nematoda have?

A

Free living or parasites

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7
Q

Free living nematodes?

A

marine, freshwater, terrestrial​

found in all habitats from deserts to polar regions​

90% of animals on the seabed​

may account for 80% of all individual animals​

In soil, most feed on bacteria and fungi​

Most free-living species are microscopic​

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8
Q

Example of a potato cyst nematodes?

A

Globodera pallida ​
G. rostochiensis​

Root feeders, important plant pest - estimated to destroy 12% of world’s crops annually

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9
Q

Examples of Nematodes that are parasitic?

A

Virtually all animal and plant groups have nematode parasites​

E.g. Ascariasis, Guinea Worms, pinworms​

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10
Q

What is Elephantiasis caused by?

A
  • Caused by infection with Filariasis type Nematodes​
  • Infects lymphatic system and causes swelling ​
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11
Q

Why are Caenorhabditis elegans important (Phylum Nematodes)?

A
  • important model for cell and developmental biology​
  • First multicellular organism to have its genome sequenced​
  • A very rare example of an androdioecous species – most are hermaphrodites, but males exist (rare) when stressed​
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12
Q

What is a hermaphrodite?

A

An organism with sex organs that are not clearly male or female

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13
Q

How do Nematoda grow?

A

Have thick external cuticle that needs to shed to grow

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14
Q

What are the Phylum Echinodermata?

“Echin = spiny, derma = skin”

A

Sea lilies, sea urchins, starfish or sea stars and sea cucumbers

All marine organisms

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15
Q

Characteristics of the Phylum Echinodermata?

A

Bilateral symmetry in larvae but 5-fold radial symmetry in adults, coelomates

Sexual reproduction with separate sexes, free swimming larvae

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16
Q

What are the body plan types for Phylum Echinodermata?

A
  • Radial body symmetry (pentatomerous)​
  • Thin epidermis covering a endoskeleton (calcareous plates) and external spines.​
  • Water-vascular system (internal canals and external tube feet)​
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17
Q

Examples of Echinodermata diversity?

A

Class Crinoidea: Sea lilies, feather stars

Class Asteroidea: Starfish

Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle stars

Class Echinoidea: Sea urchins, sand dollars

Class Holothuroidea: Sea cucumbers

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18
Q

What is the growing process of Phylum Arthropoda?

A

Moulting

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18
Q

Outline the process of moulting?

A

o Endocuticle separates from the epidermis, which secretes a new epicuticle
o As new exocuticle is secreted, moulting fluid dissolves old endocuticle and solution products are reabsorbed
o At exolysis, the old epicuticle and exocuticle are discarded
o In postexolysis new cuticle is stretched and unfolded and endocuticle is secreted

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19
Q

What are the 4 types of gas exchange that can occur in Arthropoda?

A

Through the skin (small organisms),

Gills (aquatic, crustaceans)
,
Book lungs (terrestrial, scorpions and spiders),

Tracheae (terrestrial, insects, millipedes)

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20
Q

What are the stages of moulting in Arthropoda?

A

Intermoult,
Premoult,
Moult,
Postmoult

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21
Q

What are the advantages of a hard exoskeleton in Arthropoda?

A

Independence from the environment​

Protection​

Reduce water loss​

More efficient locomotion (muscles)

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22
Q

What are disadvantages of a hard exoskeleton in Arthrodpoda

A

Limit growing (needs to be shed)​

Limit gas exchange (need for respiratory organs)​

Limit movement (flexible between segments & appendices)

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23
Q

What do hard exoskeletons consist of? (Phylum Arthropoda)

A

Chitin (a polysaccharide) and proteins.

Segregated by the epidermis

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24
Q

What are the three sensorial organs in Arthropoda?

A

Mechanoreceptors​
(touch and vibrations)​

Chemoreceptors​
(smell and taste)​

Photoreceptors​
(ocelli & compound eyes)​

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25
Q

Characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda?

“Arthro” = joint, “poda” = feet

A

> 1M species​

Bilateral symmetry, celomates​

Exoskeleton​

Segmented body ​

Paired jointed appendages​

Respiratory, excretory, blood & sensorial systems well developed​

Sexual reproduction with separate sexes

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25
Q

List adaptations to life on land in Arthropoda?

A
  • Exoskeleton + Jointed appendages are pre-adaptive
  • Reduced water loss by evaporation
  • Reduced activity under dry conditions
  • Gills replaced by tracheae or book lungs
  • Excretion of nitrogen as uric acid or guanine not ammonia
  • Internal fertilisation and caring for young are pre-adaptive
25
Q

How do Arthropoda mate?

A

Indirect sperm transfer (spermatophore & spermatheca)​

Direct sperm transfer​

Both may include courtship rituals

26
Q

Arthropoda fertilisation?

A

Separate sexes,

Internal (most species)

External (horseshoe crab)

26
Q
A
27
Q

What are the subphylum groups of Arthopod’s?

A

Trilobitomorpha​ (Now extinct, were aquatic, fossilised (exoskeleton))

Pycnogonida​ (Sea spiders)

Chelicerata​

Myriapoda​ (Millipedes, centipedes)

Crustacea​ (Crabs, shrimps, etc)

Hexapoda (Insecta)​

28
Q

Characteristics of Arthropoda subphylum Myriapoda?

“Myriad” = countless number, “poda” = feet

A

Include millipedes & centipedes​. (About 16,000 species)

All terrestrial​

Epicuticle waxy waterproof​

Gas exchange by tracheae​

Separates sexes, indirect sperm transfer with spermatophore or direct transfer

​

29
Q

Body parts of Arthropoda subphylum Myriapoda?

A

Head with 1 pair of antenna & mandibles and simple eyes​

Body with many segments​

Jointed appendages:​
- Millipedes (2 pairs of legs per segment)​
- Centipedes (1 pair of legs per segment) ​

30
Q

Examples of Diplopoda Class in the Subphylum Myriapoda?

A

Flat-backed millipede
Round-backed millipede
Pill Millipede

31
Q

Example of Chilopoda Class in the Subphylum Myriapoda?

A

Amazonian giant centipede

32
Q

What are characteristics of the Arthropoda subphylum Crustacea?

“Crusta” = crust

A

Include shrimps, crabs, copepods, water fleas.​

All aquatic species (except woodlice)​

Epicuticle lacking waxy waterproof, procuticle with calcium carbonate ​

Gas exchange by gills​

Compound and simple eyes​

Sexual reproduction with separate sexes

33
Q

Reproduction and development Arthropoda subphylum Crustacea?

A

Separate sexes

Internal or external fertilisation

Seminal receptacle in females

Females lay eggs and carry them until hatch

34
Q

Examples of Arthropoda subphylum Crustacean diversity?

A

Class Branchiopoda (water flea)

Class Maxillopoda (Barnacles, Copepods)

Class Malacostraca (Krill, Lobsters, Crayfish, Crabs, Woodlice)

35
Q

What are the different components of Arthropoda body segments and body plans?

A

Segment: Tergite, Pleurite, Sternite, Nerve cord, Muscles, Gut

Basic body plan: Head, Thorax, Abdomen

36
Q

What are components of the Arthopoda subphylum Crustacean body parts?

A

Rostum eye,
1st antenna,
2nd antenna,
mandible,
maxillas,
maxiliped,
cheliped (1st leg),
pereopods (marching legs),
pleopods (swimming legs),
uropod,
telson,
abdomen (6 segments),
cephalothorax (13 segments),
rostrum eye

37
Q

What are characteristics of the Arthropoda subphylum Chelicerata?

“Chelicer” = claws/jaws/fangs

A

Includes horseshoe crabs, scorpions, spiders, harvestmen, mites and ticks​

All terrestrial (except horseshoe crabs)

Gas exchange by book lungs or tracheae (gills in horseshoe crab)

Separate sexes, usually with indirect sperm transfer with spermatophore

38
Q

What are the body parts of a Chelicerata (Arthropoda subphylum)?

A

Body divided in cephalothorax (head + thorax) and abdomen​ (contain organs)

4 pairs of marching legs​

No antenna​

Both simple & compound eyes ​

Chelicerae (fangs) and pedipalps (sensorial)​

39
Q

How does a Scorpion mate? (Arthropoda subphylum Chelicerata​?

A

Quite often, the female views the male as prey and so the male must dance with the female, avoiding her sting to lay a spermatophore and manover it into her body by passing her over it. This is indirect, as the male is in danger of being killed, so has evolved alternative ways of mating patterns.

40
Q

Give examples of the diversity of Chelicerata subphylum of Arthropoda?

A

About 100,000 species

Eg: Class Merostomata, Order Xiphosura: Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus)

Eg: Class Arachnida:
- Order Areneae (Spiders)
- Order Opiliones (Harvestmen)
- Order Acari (Ticks and Mites)
- Order Scorpiones (Scorpions)
- Order Solifugae (Sun spiders)
- Order Pseudoscorpiones (Pseudoscorpions)

41
Q

What is the Hexapoda subphylum of Arthropoda?

A

Insects

“Hexa” = 6, “poda” = feet

Most diverse living group: 75% of all animal species and 52% of all living organisms

42
Q

Why is the Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda so successful?

A

Great adaptability,
Small body size,
Exoskeleton well adapted to life on land,
Capable of flight,
Well developed sensorial organs,
High fecundity

43
Q

Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda body plan? (head)

A

Head: ​

1 pair of antenna​

mouthparts​

1 pair compound eyes​

simple eyes

44
Q

Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda body plan? (abdomen)

A
  • Digestive system
  • Stigmata and trachea (gas exchange)
  • Sexual organs
45
Q

Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda body plan? (thorax)

A

related to movement:

3 pairs of legs
2 pairs of wings

46
Q

What are the different types of mouthparts on Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda

A

Chewing (herbivorous, predators, scavengers),
Peircing-sucking (plant/blood suckers),
Sucking (nectar feeders),
Sponging-sucking (fluid and solid dissolved food feeder),
Cutting-sucking (blood feeders),
Chewing-Lapping (nectar/pollen feeders)

47
Q

What are the different types of wings Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda have?

A

Tegmen (first pair of wings scelortised),
Hemelytra (half of the wing leathery and other half membranous),
Elytra/hind wings (first pair wings hard and covering the other pair of wings),
Halter (second pair of wings modified into a stalk with a knob for steering

48
Q

How do Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda reproduce?

A

Internal fertilisation​

Sexual organs for direct sperm transfer​

Sexual dimorphism (male fighting/ females oviposition)​

Courtship rituals & nuptial gifts.​

49
Q

Life cycle of no metamorphosis (ametabolous) hexapoda?

A

Many moults including as adults

50
Q

Life cycle of incomplete metamorphosis (heminmetabolous) hexapoda?

A

typically 5 moults, becoming more adult-like each time​

51
Q

Life cycle of complete metamorphosis (holometabolous) hexapoda?

A

ecological diversity within a species may be beneficial​

(start as larvae then pupa then adult)

52
Q

What are characteristics of social insects within the Arthropoda subphylum Hexapoda?

A

Social insects include: Termites (subOrder Isoptera) ants & bees (Order Hymenoptera)​

Different individuals (castes) depending on their role: 1 queen, 1 king, several workers and soldiers​

Only the queen reproduce (sexual females & males with wings)​

Workers & soldiers (no wings and no sexual organs)

Social adaptation of these enable the development of communication

53
Q

Ecological services and disservices of the subphylum hexapoda?

A

Pollination
Pest control
Nutrient recycling

However,
Crop pests,
Livestock ectoparasites,
Disease vectors

54
Q

In a phylogenetic tree a group that contains an ancestor and some of its descendants is called?

A

Paraphyletic group

55
Q

The principle of parsimony when constructing phylogenetic trees refers to:

A

not b

56
Q

true or false

The production of milk is a character shared by all mammals, this is a primitive character shared by all vertebrates?

A

false, only mammals produce milk

57
Q

Which of the following characteristics is common to all members of the Phylum Cnidaria?

  • Medusae stage
  • Marine animals
  • Coelomates
  • Radial symmetry
A

Radial symmetry

58
Q

Which of the following organisms is not part of the Phylum Platyhelminthes?

  • Flatworms
  • Tapeworms
  • Leeches
  • Flukes
A

leeches

59
Q

True or false all animals have body organs?

A

false, sponges are animals and they don’t have body organs

60
Q

Do cladistics and classic evolutionary systems both accept paraphyletic groups?

A

No - Cladistic doesn’t accept paraphyletic groups

61
Q

Which term is associated with characters that share common ancestry

A

Homology

62
Q

Who developed the classification system including the binomial scientific name in use today?

A

Linnaeus

63
Q
A

LEC 142 - Zoology (2 decks)

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