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BPK142 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

respiratory system consists of

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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2
Q

bronchi has

A
  • primary, secondary and tertiary
  • terminal and respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli
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3
Q

how is cartilage replaced by smooth muscle

A

branching

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4
Q

alveoli anatomy

A

small, thin walled sacs that have capillary beds in their walls
site of gas molecule exchange between air and blood

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5
Q

respiratory membrane anatomy

A

separates the air molecules in the alveoli from blood in the capillaries
- average thickness is 0.6 micrometers
- very thin-optimized for diffusion
- very large surface area
- 70 square meters in normal adult

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6
Q

mechanics of breathing

A

pulmonary ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs
molecules move from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

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7
Q

boyles law

A

the pressure of a has is inversely proportional to its volume

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8
Q

how does movement of air into and out of the lungs work

A

results from pressure differences between pulmonary air and the atmospheric air

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9
Q

compliance

A

the amount of volume change in the lung for a given change in alveolar pressure

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10
Q

inspiration

A

diaphragm descends and external intercostal muscle contract which increase volume of the thoracic cavity and decreases pressure in the thoracic cavity

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11
Q

expiration

A

passive process at rest
- diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax thus decreasing the volume of thoracic cavity
- pressure in thoracic cavity increases above atmospheric pressure and air molecules move out of the lung following the pressure gradient

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12
Q

mouth breathing in exercise

A

air that enters through the nose or mouth is quickly saturated with water vapour and warmed to body temperature, 37 degrees, even under conditions when very cold air is inspired

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13
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of gas inspired or expired with each breath at rest or during any stated acidity

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14
Q

expiatory reserve volume

A

maximal volume that can be exhaled from the resting end expiatory position

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15
Q

inspirotiry capacity

A

maximal volume of gas that can be inspired from the resting and expiatory position

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16
Q

vital capacity

A

greatest volume of gas that can be expelled by voluntary effort after maximal inspiration
sum of the inspritory capacity and the expiatory reserve volume

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17
Q

residual volume

A

the volume of gas remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

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18
Q

functional residual capacity

A

volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a quiet exhalation

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19
Q

total lung capacity

A

vital capacity plus residual volume

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20
Q

forced vital capacity manoeuver

A

one in which the subject is instructed to expire as hard and as fast as possible for four seconds

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21
Q

forced expiatory reserve volume in one second

A

the volume of air expired during the first one second of a forced vital capacity manoeuvre

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22
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

the volume of air that reaches the alveoli per minute
the only air that participates in gas exchange with the blood
anatomical dead space is subtracted from tidal volume to obtain Va

23
Q

why do lung volumes and capacities decrease when a person lies down and increase when standing?

A
  1. abdominal contents push up against diaphragm
  2. there is an increase in intrapulmonary blood volume in the horizontal piston which decreases the space available for pulmonary air
24
Q

problems with pulmonary function norms

A

don’t consider the size of the subject, particularly chest size
would be better to use sitting height rather than standing
tests must be interpreted in relation to a patients medical history, occupational history, smoking habits and a chest x ray

25
Q

ventilation during incremental exercise

A

minute ventilation increases linearly with increasing exercise intensity until approximately 50-60% of VO2 max in untrained subjects and 75-80% of VO2 max in endurance athletes

26
Q

ventilatory threshold

A

the point at which minute ventilation increases disproportionately with oxygen consumption during faded exercise

27
Q

obstructive respiratory disorders

A

blockage or narrowing of the airways causing an increased airway resistance
- more difficult to move air in and out
- blockage due to inflammation and edema, smooth muscle constriction or bronchiolar secretion
- asthma, bronchitis, emphysema

28
Q

restrictive respiratory disorders

A

damage to the lung tissue
- loss of elasticity and compliance limiting expansion of the lung
- pulmonary fibros, pneumonia

29
Q

circulatory system composed of

A

heart, blood vessels, lungs

30
Q

function os circulatory system

A

transport essential materials throughout body to cels
- oxygen
- white blood cells
- nutrients
- signalling molecules
- collects waste materials from body metabolic activity

31
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood vessels going to and from the lungs

32
Q

systemic circuit

A

blood vessels going to and from the rest of the tissues of the body

33
Q

heart

A

4 chamber muscular pump that propels blood through blood vessles
- upper chambers: atria
lower chambers: ventricles

34
Q

right ventricle

A

pumps blood through the pulmonary circuit

35
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood through the systemic circuit

36
Q

electrical conduction in myocardial cells

A

auto rhythmic cells spontaneously fire action potentials
depolarization then spreads through gap junctions
action potentials in contractile cells

37
Q

electrocardiography

A

record the wave of depolarization as it passes across the heart using electrodes on the surface of the body

38
Q

arrhythmia

A

an irregularity in the rhythm of the heartbeat

39
Q

common arrhythmias

A

tachycardia: HR is faster than normal
Bradycardia: HR is slower than normal
Fibrillation: electrocardiogram is disorganized
atrial fibrillation: heart still functions as a pump
ventricular fibrillation: heart does not function as an effect pump

40
Q

what arteries is the heart muscle supplied with

A

originate from the aorta just above the aortic valve, left coronary artery, right coronary artery

41
Q

artery function and composition

A

receive and propel high pressure blood flow
muscular highly elastic

42
Q

arteriole function and composition

A

vary resistance to blood flow
muscular well innervated

43
Q

capillary function and composition

A

exchange of materials
thin walled highly permeable

44
Q

venule function and composition

A

collect blood from capillaries
thin walled some fibrous tissue

45
Q

vein function and composition

A

easily collapse or expand to maintain venous return
fairly muscular highly distensible

46
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

active muscles squeeze the veins and push the blood towards the heart

47
Q

respiratory pump

A

decreased pressure in thoracic cavity during inspiration makes it easier for blood to return from lower portions of body via inferior vena cava- thoracic cavity then right atrium of the heart

48
Q

blood is composed of

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
platelets
suspended in liquid plasma which makes up to 50-60% of blood by volume

49
Q

hemoglobin

A

transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
consists of 4 sub units each of which contain a molecule of iron
reversibly binds with oxygen

50
Q

rate of diffusion is increased by

A

higher concentration gradient
shorter diffusion distance
higher temperature
greater surface area

51
Q

gas exchange

A

alveolar capillary membrane in the lung: net diffusion of O2 from alveoli to blood
net diffusion of CO2 from blood to alveoli
tissue capillary membrane in tissues: net diffusion of O2 from blood to tissue, net diffusion of CO2 from tissue to blood

52
Q

functional residual capacity

A

serves as a damper so that each incoming breath of air has only a small effect on the composition of the alveolar air
partial pressure of gases in the alveoli remains relatively stable

53
Q

henrys law

A

amount of gas that dissolves in a fluid is a function of two factors; 1. the pressure of the gas above the fluid, which is given by the gas concentration times the barometric pressure
2. the solubility coefficient of the gas- CO2 is 20.3 times more soluble in water than O2.

54
Q

lung diffusing capacity

A

the volume of oxygen that crosses the alveolar-capillary membrane per minute per mmhg between the alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood

BPK142 (6 decks)

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